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the highest officers

  • 1 vertex

    vertex ( vortex; cf. Quint. 1, 7, 25 The archaic form vortex was already disused in Cicero's time; cf. Ribbeck, Prol. Verg. 436 sq.; id. G. 1, 481 n. Wagn. The grammarian Caper distinguishes thus: vortex fluminis est, vertex capitis; but this distinction was unknown in the class. per.; v. Charis. p. 68), ĭcis, m. [verto].
    I.
    A whirl, eddy, whirlpool, vortex: secundo modo dicitur proprium inter plura, quae sunt ejusdem nominis, id, unde cetera ducta sunt: ut vertex est contorta in se aqua vel quicquid aliud similiter vertitur: inde propter flexum capillorum pars summa capitis;

    ex hoc id, quod in montibus eminentissimum. Recte dixeris haec omnia vertices, proprie tamen, unde initium est,

    Quint. 8, 2, 7:

    ut aquae circumlatae in se sorbeantur et vorticem efficiant,

    Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 2:

    torto vertice torrens,

    Verg. A. 7, 567:

    illam... rapidus vorat aequore vertex,

    id. ib. 1, 117:

    (flumen) minores volvere vertices,

    Hor. C. 2, 9, 22; Ov. M. 5, 587; 8, 556; 9, 106; id. F. 6, 502; Sil. 4, 230:

    citatior solito amnis transverso vertice dolia inpulit ad ripam,

    Liv. 23, 19, 11; 28, 30, 11; Curt. 6, 13, 16.—
    B.
    Trop.:

    amoris,

    Cat. 68, 107:

    officiorum,

    Sen. Ep. 82, 2:

    quā medius pugnae vocat agmina vertex,

    Sil. 4, 230.—
    II.
    An eddy of wind or flame, a whirlwind, coil of flame:

    (venti) interdum vertice torto Corripiunt rapideque rotanti turbine portant,

    Lucr. 1, 293; 6, 444; Liv. 21, 58, 3:

    extemplo cadit igneus ille Vertex,

    Lucr. 6, 298; Verg. A. 12, 673; cf.:

    ventus saepius in se volutatur, similemque illis, quas diximus converti aquas, facit vorticem,

    Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 2. —
    III.
    The top or crown of the head.
    A.
    Lit.:

    ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 4; Plin. 11, 37, 48, § 132; Hor. C. 1, 1, 36; Ov. M. 12, 288; 2, 712; id. P. 3, 8, 12; Quint. 8, 2, 7; 1, 11, 10.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    The head ( poet.) Cat. 64, 63; 64, 310:

    toto vertice supra est,

    Verg. A. 7, 784:

    nudus,

    id. ib. 11, 642:

    moribundus,

    Ov. M. 5, 84:

    intonsus,

    Stat. Th. 6, 607; Val. Fl. 4, 307.—
    2.
    The pole of the heavens, Cic. poët. N. D. 2, 41, 105; id. Rep. 6, 20, 21; Verg. G. 1, 242. —
    3.
    The highest point, top, peak, summit of a mountain, house, tree, etc.:

    ignes, qui ex Aetnae vertice erumpunt,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48, § 106; Quint. 8, 3, 48; Lucr. 6, 467; Tib. 1, 7, 15; Ov. M. 1. 316; 13, 911; Petr. poët. 122; 134 fin.; Curt. 8, 3, 26:

    in Erycino vertice,

    Verg. A. 5, 759; Val. Fl. 1, 700:

    arcis,

    Lucr. 6, 750:

    domus,

    Mart. 8, 36, 11; cf. Hor. C. 4, 11, 12:

    theatri,

    Mart. 10, 19, 7:

    quercūs,

    Verg. A. 3, 679:

    pinūs,

    Ov. M. 10, 103.—Hence, a vertice, from above, down from above, Verg. G. 2, 310; id. A. 1, 114; 5, 444.—
    b.
    Trop., the highest, uttermost, greatest ( poet.):

    dolorum anxiferi vertices, Cic. poët. Tusc. 2, 9, 21: principiorum,

    the highest officers, Amm. 15, 5, 16:

    Alexandria enim vertex omnium est civitatum,

    id. 22, 16, 7.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > vertex

  • 2 tribunus

    trĭbūnus, i, m. [tribus, prop. the chief of a tribe; hence, in gen.], a chieftain, commander, tribune.
    I.
    Tribuni aerarii, paymasters, who assisted the quaestors, Cato ap. Gell. 7, 10, 2; cf. Varr. L. L. 5, § 181 Müll.; Fest. p. 2 ib.;

    called also tribuni aeris,

    Plin. 33, 2, 7, § 31. By the Lex Aurelia these tribuni aerarii were made judges on the part of the people:

    (Milonem) tribuni aerarii condemnarunt,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 6; id. Cat. 4, 7, 15:

    a tribunis aerariis absolutus,

    id. ib. 2, 16, 3; cf.

    in a pun with aerati (rich),

    id. Att. 1, 16, 8. This judicial office was taken from them by Julius Cæsar, Suet. Caes. 41.—
    II.
    Tribuni Celerum, captains or commanders of the Celeres, Liv. 1, 59, 7; cf. Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 15; Weissenb. ad Liv. 1, 15, 8. —
    III.
    Tribuni militares or militum, tribunes of the soldiers, military tribunes; these were officers of the army, six to each legion, who commanded in turn, each two months at a time:

    qui M. Aemilio legati et praefecti et tribuni militares fuerunt,

    Cic. Clu. 36, 99; so,

    militares,

    Plin. 34, 3, 6, § 11; cf. in sing.:

    cum tribunus militaris depugnavi apud Thermopylas,

    Cic. Sen. 10, 32:

    a tribunis militum, praefectis reliquisque, qui, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 39; so,

    militum,

    id. ib. 3, 7; cf. in sing.:

    tribunus militum,

    id. ib. 3, 5; Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 2:

    tribuni cohortium,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 20.— Sing.:

    Stilonius Priscus qui tribunus cohortis, sub Classico fuerat,

    Plin. Ep. 3, 9, 18; cf.:

    tribunus minor,

    Veg. Mil. 2, 7;

    and tribunus legionis,

    Val. Max. 3, 2, 20.—
    IV.
    Tribuni militum consulari potestate, military tribunes with consular power; these were the highest officers of the State from A.U.C. 310 to A.U.C. 388. They were chosen from the patrician and plebeian orders, and were at first three, then six, and, after the year 352, eight in number, Liv. 4, 6, 8; 4, 7, 1; 5, 1, 2;

    called tribuni consulares,

    id. 8, 33; Becker, Antiq. 2, 2, p. 136 sq.—
    V.
    Tribuni plebis, and more freq. simply tribuni, tribunes of the people, whose office it was to defend the rights and interests of the Roman plebeians against the encroachments of the patricians, Liv. 2, 33, 2; 2, 56, 3 sq.; Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 58 sq.; id. Leg. 3, 7, 16; cf. Becker, Antiq. 2, 2, p. 247 sq.; Lange, Antiq. 1, 1, p. 592 sq., and the authorities cited by both.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tribunus

  • 3 tribūnus

        tribūnus ī, m    [tribus], the head of a tribe (see tribus); hence, a president, commander, representative, tribune: tribunus celerum, in quo tum magistratu forte Brutus erat, L.—Esp., tribuni aerarii, paymasters, quaestors' assistants (by the Lex Aurelia made judges on the part of the plebs): (Milonem) tribuni aerarii condemnarunt.—Tribuni militares or militum, tribunes of the soldiers, military tribunes, colonels (a legion had six, each of whom commanded it for two months of the year): tribunus militaris cum Servilio profectus: tribuni cohortium, i. e. then present with the cohorts, Cs.— From B.C. 444 to B.C. 366 the highest officers of the State, at first three in number, then six, and after B.C. 402 eight, chosen both from the patricians and the plebeians, were military tribunes with consular power: tribunos militum consulari potestate creari sinere, L.: tribuni consulares, L. —With plebis or plebei (expressed or understood), a tribune of the common people, representative of the plebeians (a magistrate charged with the protection of the commons against the patricians): ita tribuni plebei creati duo, L.: spem habere a tribuno plebis.
    * * *

    t/plebis -- t/of the people; t/mllitum, tribune of the soldiers

    Latin-English dictionary > tribūnus

  • 4 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 5 alto

    adj.
    1 tall, elevated, high-rise.
    2 high, upland.
    3 tall.
    4 high, steep.
    Precios altos High (steep) prices
    5 loud.
    6 lofty.
    adv.
    1 loudly, aloud, high up.
    2 high, in a high position.
    intj.
    stop, hold everything, halt, hold it.
    m.
    1 height.
    2 stop, halt, interruption, pause.
    3 hill, top of the hill, height.
    4 upper floor.
    5 high point, high, maximum.
    6 Alto.
    * * *
    1 (persona, edificio, árbol) tall
    2 (montaña, pared, techo, precio) high
    3 (elevado) top, upper
    4 (importancia) high, top
    5 (voz, sonido) loud
    1 high (up)
    2 (voz) loud, loudly
    ■ ¿podrías hablar más alto? could you speak a bit louder?
    1 (altura) height
    2 (elevación) hill, high ground
    \
    en lo alto de on the top of
    pasar por alto to pass over
    por todo lo alto figurado in a grand way
    tirando alto figurado at the most
    alta cocina haute cuisine
    alta sociedad high society
    alta tecnología high technology
    altas presiones high pressure sing
    alto horno blast furnace
    ————————
    1 high (up)
    2 (voz) loud, loudly
    ■ ¿podrías hablar más alto? could you speak a bit louder?
    1 (altura) height
    2 (elevación) hill, high ground
    ————————
    1 (parada) stop
    1 halt! (policía) stop!
    \
    dar el alto a alguien MILITAR to order somebody to halt
    alto el fuego cease-fire
    * * *
    1. (f. - alta)
    adj.
    1) tall
    2) high
    3) loud
    2. adv.
    1) high
    3. noun m.
    2) halt, stop
    * * *
    I
    1. ADJ
    1) [en altura]
    a) [edificio, persona] tall; [monte] high

    • jersey de cuello alto — polo neck jumper, turtleneck

    • camino de alta montaña — high mountain path

    • zapatos de tacón o Cono Sur, Perú taco alto — high-heeled shoes, high heels

    mar I, 1)
    b)

    • lo alto, una casa en lo alto de la cuesta — a house on top of the hill

    • lanzar algo de o desde lo alto — to throw sth down, throw sth down from above

    por todo lo alto —

    2) [en nivel] [grado, precio, riesgo] high; [clase, cámara] upper

    la marea estaba alta — it was high tide, the tide was in

    • alto cargo — [puesto] high-ranking position; [persona] senior official, high-ranking official

    • alta cocina — haute cuisine

    • alto/a comisario/a — High Commissioner

    • alta costura — high fashion, haute couture

    • de alta definición — high-definition antes de s

    • alto/a ejecutivo/a — top executive

    • alta escuela — (Hípica) dressage

    • altas esferas — upper echelons

    • alta fidelidad — high fidelity, hi-fi

    • altas finanzas — high finance

    • alto funcionario — senior official, high-ranking official

    • oficiales de alta graduación — senior officers, high-ranking officers

    • altos hornos — blast furnace

    • altos mandos — senior officers, high-ranking officers

    • de altas miras, es un chico de altas miras — he is a boy of great ambition

    • alta presión — (Téc, Meteo) high pressure

    • alta sociedad — high society

    • temporada alta — high season

    • alta tensión — high tension, high voltage

    • alta traición — high treason

    • alta velocidad — high speed

    Alta Velocidad Española — Esp name given to high speed train system

    3) [en intensidad]

    • en voz alta — [leer] out loud; [hablar] in a loud voice

    4) [en el tiempo]
    5) [estilo] lofty, elevated
    6) (=revuelto)

    • estar alto — [río] to be high; [mar] to be rough

    7) (Geog) upper
    8) (Mús) [nota] sharp; [instrumento, voz] alto
    9) ( Hist, Ling) high
    2. ADV
    1) (=arriba) high
    2) (=en voz alta)

    hablar alto — (=en voz alta) to speak loudly; (=con franqueza) to speak out, speak out frankly

    ¡más alto, por favor! — louder, please!

    pensar (en) alto — to think out loud, think aloud

    volar
    3. SM
    1) (=altura)

    mide 1,80 de alto — he is 1.80 metres tall

    • en alto, coloque los pies en alto — put your feet up

    con las manos en alto — [en atraco, rendición] with one's hands up; [en manifestación] with one's hands in the air

    dejar algo en alto —

    2) (Geog) hill
    3) (Arquit) upper floor
    4) (Mús) alto
    5)
    6)

    • pasar por alto — [+ detalle, problema] to overlook

    7) Chile [de ropa, cartas] pile
    8) Chile [de tela] length
    9)

    los altos — Cono Sur, Méx [de casa] upstairs; (Geog) the heights

    II
    1. SM
    1) (=parada) stop

    • dar el alto a algn — to order sb to halt, stop sb

    • hacer un alto — [en viaje] to stop off; [en actividad] to take a break

    • poner el alto a algo — Méx to put an end to sth

    alto el fuego — Esp ceasefire

    2) (Aut) (=señal) stop sign; (=semáforo) lights pl
    2.
    EXCL

    ¡alto! — halt!, stop!

    ¡alto ahí! — stop there!

    ¡alto el fuego! — cease fire!

    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1)
    a) [ser] <persona/edificio/árbol> tall; <pared/montaña> high

    zapatos de tacones altos or (AmS) de taco alto — high-heeled shoes

    b) [ESTAR]
    2) (indicando posición, nivel)
    a) [ser] high
    b) [estar]

    la marea está alta — it's high tide, the tide's in

    eso dejó en alto su buen nombre — (CS) that really boosted his reputation

    en lo alto de la montaña/de un árbol — high up on the mountainside/in a tree

    3) (en cantidad, calidad) high

    tiene la tensión or presión alta — she has high blood pressure

    4)
    a) [estar] ( en intensidad) <volumen/televisión> loud
    b)

    en alto or en voz alta — aloud, out loud

    5) (delante del n) (en importancia, trascendencia) <ejecutivo/funcionario> high-ranking, top
    6) (delante del n) <ideales/opinión> high
    a) (Ling) high
    b) (Geog) upper
    •
    II
    1) <volar/subir> high
    2) < hablar> loud, loudly
    III

    alto (ahí)! — (Mil) halt!; ( dicho por un policía) stop!, stay where you are!

    IV
    1)
    a) ( altura)
    b) ( en el terreno) high ground
    2)
    a) ( de edificio) top floor
    b) los altos masculino plural (CS) ( en casa) upstairs
    3)
    a) (parada, interrupción)
    b) (Méx) (Auto)

    pasarse el alto — ( un semáforo) to run the red light (AmE), to jump the lights (BrE); ( un stop) to go through the stop sign

    4) (Chi fam) ( de cosas) pile, heap
    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1)
    a) [ser] <persona/edificio/árbol> tall; <pared/montaña> high

    zapatos de tacones altos or (AmS) de taco alto — high-heeled shoes

    b) [ESTAR]
    2) (indicando posición, nivel)
    a) [ser] high
    b) [estar]

    la marea está alta — it's high tide, the tide's in

    eso dejó en alto su buen nombre — (CS) that really boosted his reputation

    en lo alto de la montaña/de un árbol — high up on the mountainside/in a tree

    3) (en cantidad, calidad) high

    tiene la tensión or presión alta — she has high blood pressure

    4)
    a) [estar] ( en intensidad) <volumen/televisión> loud
    b)

    en alto or en voz alta — aloud, out loud

    5) (delante del n) (en importancia, trascendencia) <ejecutivo/funcionario> high-ranking, top
    6) (delante del n) <ideales/opinión> high
    a) (Ling) high
    b) (Geog) upper
    •
    II
    1) <volar/subir> high
    2) < hablar> loud, loudly
    III

    alto (ahí)! — (Mil) halt!; ( dicho por un policía) stop!, stay where you are!

    IV
    1)
    a) ( altura)
    b) ( en el terreno) high ground
    2)
    a) ( de edificio) top floor
    b) los altos masculino plural (CS) ( en casa) upstairs
    3)
    a) (parada, interrupción)
    b) (Méx) (Auto)

    pasarse el alto — ( un semáforo) to run the red light (AmE), to jump the lights (BrE); ( un stop) to go through the stop sign

    4) (Chi fam) ( de cosas) pile, heap
    * * *
    alto1
    1 = stop.

    Ex: It is certainly no accident that in Finland, a country that circulates an average of 17 books per capita per year through 1500 public libraries and 18,000 mobile-library stops, its public libraries are supported by both national and local monies.

    * alto del fuego = cease-fire.
    * alto en el camino = stopover.
    * echar por alto = bungle.
    * pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], gloss over, miss, obviate, overlook, short-circuit [shortcircuit], skip over, leapfrog, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by, flout, close + the door on, skip.
    * pasar por alto la autoridad de Alguien = go over + Posesivo + head.
    * pasar por alto rápidamente = race + past.
    * un alto en el camino = a stop on the road, a pit stop on the road.

    alto2
    2 = alto.

    Ex: The simultaneous interweaving of several melodic lines (usually four: soprano, alto, tenor, bass) in a musical composition is known as polyphony.

    alto3
    3 = height.

    Ex: For a monograph the height of the book is normally given, in centimetres.

    * altos y bajos = highs and lows, peaks and valleys.
    * celebrar por todo lo alto = make + a song and dance about.
    * con la frente en alto = stand + tall.
    * en lo alto = on top.
    * en lo alto de = on top of, atop.
    * poner los pies en alto = put + Posesivo + feet up.

    alto4
    4 = heavy [heavier -comp., heaviest -sup.], high [higher -comp., highest -sup.], superior, tall [taller -comp., tallest -sup.], hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.].

    Ex: In fact, the area was well served by a very good neighbourhood advice centre which had a heavy workload of advice and information-giving.

    Ex: Lower specificity will be associated with lower precision but high recall.
    Ex: Superior cataloguing may result, since more consistency and closer adherence to standard codes are likely to emerge with cataloguers who spend all of their time cataloguing, than with a librarian who tackles cataloguing as one of various professional tasks.
    Ex: Occasionally, however, a differently shaped pyramid -- either taller or shorter, is more appropriate.
    Ex: Research publication had to adopt the same economic model as trade publication, and research libraries the world over paid the hefty price = Las publicaciones científicas tuvieron que adoptar el mismo modelo económico que las publicaciones comerciales y las bibliotecas universitarias de todo el mundo pagaron un precio elevado.
    * a alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.
    * a altas horas de la noche = late at night.
    * alcanzar cotas más altas = raise to + greater heights.
    * alta burguesía, la = gentry, the.
    * alta cocina = haute cuisine.
    * alta costura = haute couture.
    * Alta Edad Media, la = Early Middle Ages, the, High Middle Ages, the, Dark Ages, the.
    * alta intensidad = high-rate.
    * alta mar = high seas, the.
    * alta posición = high estate.
    * alta productividad = high yield.
    * alta resolución = high resolution.
    * altas esferas del poder, las = echelons of power, the.
    * altas esferas, las = corridors of power, the.
    * alta tecnología = high-tech, high-technology, hi-tech.
    * alta traición = high treason.
    * alta velocidad = high-rate.
    * alto cargo = senior post, top official, senior position, top person [top people, -pl.], top executive, top position, senior manager, senior executive, high official, top manager, senior official.
    * alto cargo público = senior public official.
    * alto comisario = high commissioner.
    * alto dignatario = high official.
    * alto en fibras = high-fibre.
    * alto funcionario = high official.
    * alto horno = blast furnace.
    * alto nivel = high standard.
    * alto precio = costliness.
    * alto rendimiento = high yield.
    * alto riesgo = high stakes.
    * altos cargos = people in high office.
    * alto y débil = spindly [spindlier -comp., spindliest -sup.].
    * alto y delgado = spindly [spindlier -comp., spindliest -sup.].
    * amontonarse muy alto = be metres high.
    * apuntar muy alto = reach for + the stars, shoot for + the stars.
    * a un alto nivel = high level [high-level].
    * cada vez más alto = constantly rising, steadily rising, steadily growing.
    * clase alta = upper class.
    * con un nivel de estudios alto = well educated [well-educated].
    * cuando la marea está alta = at high tide.
    * de alta alcurnia = well-born.
    * de alta cuna = well-born.
    * de alta fidelidad = hi-fi.
    * de alta mar = offshore, sea-going, ocean-going.
    * de alta potencia = high power.
    * de alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.
    * de alta resistencia = heavy-duty.
    * de alta tecnología = high-technology.
    * de alta tensión = heavy-current.
    * de alta velocidad = high-speed.
    * de alto abolengo = well-born.
    * de alto ahorro energético = energy-saving.
    * de alto nivel = high level [high-level], high-powered.
    * de alto rango = highly placed.
    * de alto rendimiento = high-performance, heavy-duty.
    * de altos vuelos = high-flying, high-powered.
    * de alto voltaje = high-voltage.
    * de la gama alta = high-end.
    * edificio alto = high-rise building.
    * en alta mar = on the high seas.
    * explosivo de alta potencia = high explosive.
    * fijar precios altos = price + high.
    * física de altas energías = high energy physics.
    * forma de la curva estadística en su valor más alto = peak-shape.
    * frente de altas presiones = ridge of high pressure.
    * línea de alta tensión = power line.
    * llevar a cotas más altas = raise to + greater heights, take + Nombre + to greater heights.
    * mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.
    * marea alta = high tide.
    * música de alta fidelidad = hi-fi music.
    * pagar un precio alto por Algo = pay + a premium price for.
    * persecución en coche a alta velocidad = high-speed chase.
    * persona de altos vuelos = high flyer [high flier, -USA].
    * persona de la alta sociedad = socialite.
    * poner un precio a Algo muy alto = overprice.
    * por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.
    * quimioterapia de altas dosis = high-dose chemotherapy.
    * reparador de estructuras altas = steeplejack.
    * ser muy alto = be metres high.
    * sistema de altas presiones = high-pressure system, ridge of high pressure.
    * temporada alta = high season.
    * tener un alto contenido de = be high in.
    * unaprobabilidad muy alta = a sporting chance.
    * un + Nombre + a altas horas de la noche = a late night + Nombre.

    alto5
    5 = loud [louder -comp., loudest -sup.].

    Ex: Visitors would be surprised by the loud creaking and groaning of the presses as the timbers gave and rubbed against each other.

    * decir en voz alta = say + out loud, say in + a loud voice.
    * en voz alta = loudly, out loud.
    * hablar alto = be loud.
    * hablar en voz alta = talk in + a loud voice.
    * leer en voz alta = read + aloud, read + out loud.
    * pensar en voz alta = think + out loud.
    * sonido alto = loud noise.

    * * *
    alto1 -ta
    A
    1 [ SER] ‹persona/edificio/árbol› tall; ‹pared/montaña› high
    zapatos de tacones altos or ( AmS) de taco alto high-heeled shoes
    es más alto que su hermano he's taller than his brother
    una blusa de cuello alto a high-necked blouse
    2 [ ESTAR]:
    ¡qué alto estás! haven't you grown!
    mi hija está casi tan alta como yo my daughter's almost as tall as me now o almost my height now
    B (indicando posición, nivel)
    1 [ SER] high
    los techos eran muy altos the rooms had very high ceilings
    un vestido de talle alto a high-waisted dress
    2 [ ESTAR]:
    ese cuadro está muy alto that picture's too high
    ponlo más alto para que los niños no alcancen put it higher up so that the children can't reach
    el río está muy alto the river is very high
    la marea está alta it's high tide, the tide's in
    los pisos más altos del edificio the top floors of the building
    salgan con los brazos en alto come out with your hands up o with your hands in the air
    eso deja muy en alto su buen nombre (CS); that has really boosted his reputation
    últimamente están con or tienen la moral bastante alta they've been in pretty high spirits lately, their morale has been pretty high recently
    a pesar de haber perdido, ha sabido mantener alto el espíritu he's managed to keep his spirits up despite losing
    Dios te está mirando allá en lo alto God is watching you from on high
    habían acampado en lo alto de la montaña they had camped high up on the mountainside
    en lo alto del árbol high up in the tree, at the top of the tree
    celebraron su triunfo por todo lo alto they celebrated their victory in style
    una boda por todo lo alto a lavish wedding
    C (en cantidad, calidad) high
    tiene la tensión or presión alta she has high blood pressure
    ha pagado un precio muy alto por su irreflexión he has paid a very high price for his rashness
    productos de alta calidad high-quality products
    [ S ] imprescindible alto dominio del inglés good knowledge of English essential
    el nivel es bastante alto en este colegio the standard is quite high in this school
    el alto índice de participación en las elecciones the high turnout in the elections
    embarazo de alto riesgo high-risk pregnancy
    tirando por lo alto at the most, at the outside
    tirando por lo alto costará unas 200 libras it will cost about 200 pounds at the most o at the outside
    D
    1 [ ESTAR] (en intensidad) ‹volumen/radio/televisión› loud
    pon la radio más alta turn the radio up
    ¡qué alta está la televisión! the television is so loud!
    2
    en voz alta or en alto aloud, out loud
    estaba pensando en voz alta I was thinking aloud o out loud
    E ( delante del n) (en importancia, trascendencia) ‹ejecutivo/dirigente/funcionario› high-ranking, top
    un militar de alto rango a high-ranking army officer
    uno de los más altos ejecutivos de la empresa one of the company's top executives
    F ( delante del n) ‹ideales› high
    tiene un alto sentido del deber she has a strong sense of duty
    es el más alto honor de mi vida it is the greatest honor I have ever had
    tiene un alto concepto or una alta opinión de ti he has a high opinion of you, he thinks very highly of you
    1 ( Ling) high
    el alto alemán High German
    2 ( Geog) upper
    el alto Aragón upper Aragon
    el Alto Paraná the Upper Paraná
    Compuestos:
    feminine upper-middle classes (pl)
    feminine haute cuisine
    feminine high comedy
    feminine haute couture, high fashion
    feminine high definition
    de or en altoa definición high-definition ( before n)
    feminine High Middle Ages (pl)
    feminine dressage
    feminine high fidelity, hi-fi
    feminine high frequency
    masculine or feminine el pesquero fue apresado en (el or la) altoa mar the trawler was seized on the high sea(s)
    se hundió cerca de la costa y no en (el or la) altoa mar it sank near the coast and not on the open sea o not out at sea
    la flota de altoa mar the deep-sea fleet
    feminine hairstyling
    fpl upper echelons (pl)
    fpl:
    las altoas finanzas high finance
    feminine high society
    fpl high pressure
    un sistema de altoas presiones a high-pressure system
    feminine high technology
    feminine high tension o voltage
    feminine high treason
    masculine (puesto) high-ranking position, important post; (persona) high-ranking official
    ● alto comisario, alta comisaria
    masculine, feminine high commissioner
    ● alto comisionado or comisariado
    masculine high commission
    masculine blast furnace
    masculine high-ranking officer
    masculine high relief, alto relievo
    masculine high voltage o tension
    A ‹volar/subir/tirar› high
    tírala más alto throw it higher
    B ‹hablar› loud, loudly
    habla más alto que no te oigo can you speak up a little o speak a bit louder, I can't hear you
    halt!
    ¡alto (ahí)! (dicho por un centinela) halt!; (dicho por un policía) stop!, stay where you are!
    ¡alto ahí! ¡eso sí que no estoy dispuesto a aceptarlo! hold on! I'm not taking that!
    ¡alto el fuego! cease fire!
    Compuesto:
    masculine ( Esp) ( Mil) cease-fire
    A
    1
    (altura): de alto high
    un muro de cuatro metros de alto a four-meter high wall
    tiene tres metros de alto por dos de ancho it's three meters high by two wide
    2 (en el terreno) high ground
    siempre se edificaban en un alto they were always built on high ground
    B
    1 (de un edificio) top floor
    viven en un alto they live in a top floor apartment o ( BrE) flat
    2 los altos mpl (CS) (en una casa) upstairs
    viven en los altos del taller they live above the workshop
    C
    (parada, interrupción): hacer un alto to stop
    hicieron un alto en el camino para almorzar they stopped off o they stopped on the way for lunch
    dar el alto a algn ( Mil) to stop sb, to order sb to halt
    D ( Méx) ( Auto)
    1 (señal de pare) stop sign
    pasarse el alto to go through the stop sign
    2 (semáforo) stoplight
    pasarse el alto to run the red light ( AmE), to jump the lights ( BrE)
    E
    1 ( Chi fam) (de cosas) pile, heap
    * * *

     

    alto 1
    ◊ -ta adjetivo

    1
    a) [ser] ‹persona/edificio/árbol› tall;

    ‹pared/montaña› high;

    b) [ESTAR]:

    ◊ ¡qué alto estás! haven't you grown!;

    está tan alta como yo she's as tall as me now
    2 (indicando posición, nivel)
    a) [ser] high;


    b) [estar]:


    la marea está alta it's high tide;
    los pisos más altos the top floors;
    salgan con los brazos en alto come out with your hands in the air;
    con la moral bastante alta in pretty high spirits;
    en lo alto de la montaña high up on the mountainside;
    en lo alto del árbol high up in the tree;
    por todo lo alto in style
    3 (en cantidad, calidad) high;

    productos de alta calidad high-quality products;
    tirando por lo alto at the most
    4
    a) [estar] ( en intensidad) ‹volumen/televisión› loud;


    b) en alto or en voz alta aloud, out loud

    5 ( delante del n)
    a) (en importancia, trascendencia) ‹ejecutivo/funcionario› high-ranking, top;


    b) ‹ideales/opinión› high;



    ◊ alta burguesía sustantivo femenino

    upper-middle classes (pl);
    alta costura sustantivo femenino
    haute couture;
    alta fidelidad sustantivo femenino
    high fidelity, hi-fi;
    alta mar sustantivo femenino: en alta mar on the high seas;
    flota/pesca de alta mar deep-sea fleet/fishing;
    alta sociedad sustantivo femenino
    high society;
    alta tensión sustantivo femenino
    high tension o voltage;
    alto cargo sustantivo masculino ( puesto) high-ranking position;

    ( persona) high-ranking official;
    ◊ alto mando sustantivo masculino

    high-ranking officer
    alto 2 adverbio
    1 ‹volar/subir› high
    2 ‹ hablar› loud, loudly;

    alto 3 interjección
    halt!;
    ◊ ¡alto el fuego! cease fire!

    alto 4 sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( altura)


    tiene tres metros de alto it's three meters high


    2
    a) (parada, interrupción):


    alto el fuego (Esp) (Mil) cease-fire
    b) (Méx) (Auto):



    ( un stop) to go through the stop sign
    alto,-a 2
    I adjetivo
    1 (que tiene altura: edificio, persona, ser vivo) tall
    2 (elevado) high
    3 (sonido) loud
    en voz alta, aloud, in a loud voice
    (tono) high-pitched
    4 (precio, tecnología) high
    alta tensión, high tension
    5 (antepuesto al nombre: de importancia) high-ranking, high-level: es una reunión de alto nivel, it's a high-level meeting
    alta sociedad, high society ➣ Ver nota en aloud II sustantivo masculino
    1 (altura) height: ¿cómo es de alto?, how tall/high is it?
    2 (elevación del terreno) hill
    III adverbio
    1 high, high up
    2 (sonar, hablar, etc) loud, loudly: ¡más alto, por favor!, louder, please!
    tienes que poner el horno más alto, you must turn the oven up ➣ Ver nota en high
    ♦ Locuciones: la boda se celebró por todo lo alto, the wedding was celebrated in style
    alto 1 sustantivo masculino (interrupción) stop, break
    ' alto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alta
    - así
    - barrio
    - caer
    - colmo
    - cómo
    - ella
    - fuerte
    - horno
    - listón
    - medir
    - media
    - monte
    - ojo
    - pasar
    - relativamente
    - riesgo
    - superior
    - suprimir
    - suspender
    - tacón
    - tono
    - última
    - último
    - vida
    - vocinglera
    - vocinglero
    - buzo
    - contralto
    - cuello
    - funcionario
    - grande
    - hablar
    - imaginar
    - individuo
    - lo
    - nivel
    - redondear
    - saltar
    - salto
    - subir
    - taco
    - tanto
    - todo
    - torre
    English:
    above
    - aloud
    - alto
    - arch
    - atop
    - blast-furnace
    - brass
    - ceasefire
    - discount
    - foreigner
    - gloss over
    - halt
    - height
    - high
    - high-end
    - high-level
    - high-powered
    - inflated
    - labour-intensive
    - laugh
    - lifestyle
    - loud
    - omission
    - overhead
    - overlook
    - pass down
    - pass over
    - peak
    - polo neck
    - second
    - senior
    - short
    - sing up
    - small
    - soar
    - speak up
    - stop
    - tall
    - top
    - top-level
    - top-secret
    - topmost
    - tree-house
    - turtleneck
    - unemployment
    - up
    - upper
    - uppermost
    - world
    - aloft
    * * *
    alto, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [persona, árbol, edificio] tall;
    [montaña] high;
    es más alto que su compañero he's taller than his colleague;
    el Everest es la montaña más alta del mundo Everest is the world's highest mountain;
    ¡qué alta está tu hermana! your sister's really grown!;
    un jersey de cuello alto Br a polo neck, US a turtleneck;
    tacones o Andes, RP [m5] tacos altos high heels;
    lo alto [de lugar, objeto] the top;
    Fig [el cielo] Heaven;
    en lo alto de at the top of;
    hacer algo por todo lo alto to do sth in (great) style;
    una boda por todo lo alto a sumptuous wedding
    alto relieve high relief
    2. [indica posición elevada] high;
    [piso] top, upper;
    tu mesa es muy alta para escribir bien your desk is too high for writing comfortably;
    ¡salgan con los brazos en alto! come out with your arms raised o your hands up;
    aguántalo en alto un segundo hold it up for a second;
    tienen la moral muy alta their morale is very high;
    el portero desvió el balón por alto the keeper tipped the ball over the bar;
    de alta mar deep-sea;
    en alta mar out at sea;
    le entusiasma la alta montaña she loves mountaineering;
    equipo de alta montaña mountaineering gear;
    mantener la cabeza bien alta to hold one's head high;
    pasar algo por alto [adrede] to pass over sth;
    [sin querer] to miss sth out;
    esta vez pasaré por alto tu retraso I'll overlook the fact that you arrived late this time
    3. [cantidad, intensidad] high;
    de alta calidad high-quality;
    tengo la tensión muy alta I have very high blood pressure;
    tiene la fiebre alta her temperature is high, she has a high temperature;
    Informát
    un disco duro de alta capacidad a high-capacity hard disk;
    un televisor de alta definición a high-definition TV;
    una inversión de alta rentabilidad a highly profitable investment;
    un tren de alta velocidad a high-speed train
    alto horno blast furnace;
    altos hornos [factoría] iron and steelworks;
    Informát alta resolución high resolution;
    alta temperatura high temperature;
    alta tensión high voltage;
    Der alta traición high treason;
    alto voltaje high voltage
    4. [en una escala]
    la alta competición [en deporte] competition at the highest level;
    de alto nivel [delegación] high-level;
    un alto dirigente a high-ranking leader
    Hist la alta aristocracia the highest ranks of the aristocracy;
    alto cargo [persona] [de empresa] top manager;
    [de la administración] top-ranking official; [puesto] top position o job;
    los altos cargos del partido the party leadership;
    los altos cargos de la empresa the company's top management;
    alta cocina haute cuisine;
    Alto Comisionado High Commission;
    alta costura haute couture;
    Mil alto mando [persona] high-ranking officer; [jefatura] high command;
    alta sociedad high society
    5. [avanzado] alta fidelidad high fidelity;
    altas finanzas high finance;
    Informát de alto nivel [lenguaje] high-level;
    alta tecnología high technology
    6. [sonido, voz] loud;
    en voz alta in a loud voice;
    7. [hora] late;
    8. Geog upper;
    un crucero por el curso alto del Danubio a cruise along the upper reaches of the Danube;
    el Alto Egipto Upper Egypt
    Hist Alto Perú = name given to Bolivia during the colonial era; Antes Alto Volta Upper Volta
    9. Hist High;
    la alta Edad Media the High Middle Ages
    10. [noble] [ideales] lofty
    11. [crecido, alborotado] [río] swollen;
    [mar] rough;
    con estas lluvias el río va alto the rain has swollen the river's banks
    ♦ nm
    1. [altura] height;
    mide 2 metros de alto [cosa] it's 2 metres high;
    [persona] he's 2 metres tall
    2. [lugar elevado] height
    los Altos del Golán the Golan Heights
    3. [detención] stop;
    hacer un alto to make a stop;
    hicimos un alto en el camino para comer we stopped to have a bite to eat;
    dar el alto a alguien to challenge sb
    alto el fuego [cese de hostilidades] ceasefire;
    ¡alto el fuego! [orden] cease fire!
    4. Mús alto
    5. [voz alta]
    no se atreve a decir las cosas en alto she doesn't dare say out loud what she's thinking
    6. Andes, Méx, RP [montón] pile;
    tengo un alto de cosas para leer I have a pile o mountain of things to read
    7. CSur, Perú
    altos [de casa] upstairs Br flat o US apartment [with its own front door];
    vive en los altos de la tintorería she lives in a separate Br flat o US apartment above the dry cleaner's
    8. Méx [señal] stop sign
    ♦ adv
    1. [arriba] high (up);
    volar muy alto to fly very high
    2. [hablar] loud;
    por favor, no hables tan alto please, don't talk so loud
    ♦ interj
    halt!, stop!;
    ¡alto! ¿quién va? halt! who goes there?;
    ¡alto ahí! [en discusión] hold on a minute!;
    [a un fugitivo] stop!
    * * *
    1
    I adj persona tall; precio, número, montaña high;
    en alta mar on the high seas;
    el alto Salado the upper (reaches of the) Salado;
    los pisos altos the top floors;
    en voz alta out loud;
    a altas horas de la noche in the small hours;
    clase alta high class;
    alta calidad high quality
    II adv volar, saltar high;
    hablar alto speak loudly;
    pasar por alto overlook;
    poner más alto TV, RAD turn up;
    por todo lo alto fam lavishly;
    en alto on high ground, high up;
    llegar alto go far
    III m
    1 ( altura) height;
    dos metros de alto two meters high
    2 Chi
    pile
    3
    :
    los altos de Golán GEOG the Golan Heights
    2 m
    1 halt;
    ¡alto! halt!;
    dar el alto a alguien order s.o. to stop;
    ¡alto ahí! stop right there!
    2 ( pausa) pause;
    * * *
    alto adv
    1) : high
    2) : loud, loudly
    alto, -ta adj
    1) : tall, high
    2) : loud
    en voz alta: aloud, out loud
    alto nm
    1) altura: height, elevation
    2) : stop, halt
    3) altos nmpl
    : upper floors
    alto interj
    : halt!, stop!
    * * *
    alto1 adj
    1. (en general) high
    2. (persona, edificio, árbol) tall
    3. (sonido, voz) loud
    alto2 adv
    1. (volar, subir) high
    2. (hablar) loudly
    alto3 n (altura) height

    Spanish-English dictionary > alto

  • 6 cuadro

    m.
    1 square (cuadrado).
    una camisa a cuadros a check shirt
    2 painting (pintura).
    un cuadro de Miró a painting by Miró
    3 scene, spectacle (escena).
    después del terremoto, la ciudad presentaba un cuadro desolador after the earthquake, the city was a scene of devastation
    4 team (equipo).
    el cuadro directivo de una empresa the management of a company
    cuadro flamenco flamenco group
    5 chart, diagram.
    cuadro sinóptico tree diagram
    6 frame.
    7 scene (Teatro).
    8 picture, painting.
    9 description, picture.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: cuadrar.
    * * *
    1 (cuadrado) square
    2 (pintura) painting, picture
    3 TEATRO scene
    4 (descripción) description, picture
    5 MILITAR cadre
    6 (dirigentes) leaders plural; (personal) staff
    7 (conjunto de datos) chart, graph
    9 (de un jardín etc) bed, patch, plot
    10 figurado (escena) scene, sight
    12 (armazón) frame
    \
    a cuadros checked, US checkered
    en cuadro in a square
    estar en cuadro / quedarse en cuadro figurado to be greatly reduced in numbers
    cuadro clínico clinical pattern
    cuadro de costumbres study of manners
    cuadro de mandos control panel
    cuadro facultativo medical staff
    cuadro sinóptico diagram, chart
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) picture, painting
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=cuadrado) square

    una camisa/un vestido a o de cuadros — a checked o check shirt/dress

    - quedarse a cuadros

    en cuadro —

    2) (Arte) (=pintura) painting; (=reproducción) picture

    dos cuadros de Velázquez — two paintings by Velázquez, two Velázquez paintings

    pintar un cuadro — to do a painting, paint a picture

    cuadro de honor — roll of honour, honor roll (EEUU)

    3) (=escena) (Teat) scene; (fig) scene, sight

    llegaron calados hasta los huesos y llenos de barro ¡vaya cuadro! — they arrived soaked to the skin and covered in mud, what a sight (they were)!

    cuadro viviente, cuadro vivo — tableau vivant

    4) (=gráfico) table, chart
    5) (=tablero) panel

    cuadro de conmutadores, cuadro de distribución — (Elec) switchboard

    cuadro de instrumentos — (Aer) instrument panel; (Aut) dashboard

    6) (=armazón) [de bicicleta, ventana] frame
    7) pl cuadros (tb: cuadros de mando) [en empresa] managerial staff; (Admin, Pol) officials; (Mil) commanding officers

    cuadros dirigentes — [en empresa] senior management; (Admin, Pol) senior officials; (Mil) senior officers

    cuadros medios — [en empresa] middle management; (Admin, Pol) middle-ranking officials; (Mil) middle-ranking officers

    cuadros superiores — = cuadros dirigentes

    8) (Med) symptoms pl, set of symptoms

    cuadro clínico — symptoms pl, clinical symptoms pl

    9) (=descripción) picture

    cuadro de costumbres — (Literat) description of local customs

    10) [en jardín, huerto] bed, plot
    11) (Mil) (=formación) square
    12) (Dep) team
    13) Cono Sur (=matadero) slaughterhouse, abattoir
    14) Cono Sur (=bragas) knickers pl, panties pl
    15) And (=pizarra) blackboard
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Art) ( pintura) painting; ( grabado) picture
    b) (Teatr) scene
    c) ( gráfico) table, chart
    2)
    a) (Lit) ( descripción) picture, description
    b) ( panorama) scene, sight
    3)
    a) ( cuadrado) square, check

    tela a or de cuadros — checked material

    b) ( en béisbol) diamond
    4) (Med) symptoms (pl)
    5) ( tablero) board, panel
    6) ( de bicicleta) frame

    los cuadros superiores/inferiores — ( de empresa) senior/junior management; ( del ejército) senior/junior officers

    8) (RPl) (Dep) team

    ser del otro cuadro — (Ur fam) to be gay

    9) cuadros masculino plural (Chi frml) (Indum) panties (pl) (AmE), briefs (pl) (BrE frml)
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Art) ( pintura) painting; ( grabado) picture
    b) (Teatr) scene
    c) ( gráfico) table, chart
    2)
    a) (Lit) ( descripción) picture, description
    b) ( panorama) scene, sight
    3)
    a) ( cuadrado) square, check

    tela a or de cuadros — checked material

    b) ( en béisbol) diamond
    4) (Med) symptoms (pl)
    5) ( tablero) board, panel
    6) ( de bicicleta) frame

    los cuadros superiores/inferiores — ( de empresa) senior/junior management; ( del ejército) senior/junior officers

    8) (RPl) (Dep) team

    ser del otro cuadro — (Ur fam) to be gay

    9) cuadros masculino plural (Chi frml) (Indum) panties (pl) (AmE), briefs (pl) (BrE frml)
    * * *
    cuadro1

    Ex: Within Human Science we find such subdisciplines as economics and sociology; within Art, painting and music.

    * cuadro de la bicicleta = bike frame, bicycle frame.
    * tela de cuadros = tweed.
    * tela escocesa de cuadros = tartan.
    * tela típica escocesa de cuadros = tartan.

    cuadro2
    2 = table.
    Nota: Documento que contiene datos ordenados generalmente en filas y columnas que pueden ir acompañados de texto.

    Ex: The document containing ordered data typically in rows and columns and possibly with an accompanying text is known as tables.

    * cuadro de honor = roll of honour.
    * cuadro de instrumentos = dashboard.
    * Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI) = Balanced Scorecard (BSC).
    * cuadro de mandos = circuit board, dashboard.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Art) (pintura) painting; (grabado, reproducción) picture
    está pintando un cuadro he's doing a painting, he's painting a picture
    un cuadro de Dalí a painting by Dalí
    2 ( Teatr) scene
    3 (gráfico) table, chart
    4 (TV) frame
    Compuestos:
    synoptic chart
    tableau vivant
    B
    1 ( Lit) (descripción) picture, description
    me pintó un cuadro muy negro he painted me a very bleak picture
    2 (espectáculo, panorama) scene, sight
    el campo de batalla ofrecía un cuadro desolador the battlefield presented a scene of devastation
    se complica el cuadro político the political picture is becoming complicated
    ¡vaya (un) cuadro! ( fam); what a sight!
    Compuesto:
    C
    1 (cuadrado) square, check
    tela a or de cuadros checked material
    2 (en un jardín) flowerbed
    3 (en béisbol) diamond
    D ( Med) manifestations (pl)
    el cuadro patológico the pathological manifestations
    presentan cuadros bronquiales crónicos their symptoms include chronic bronchial problems, they present with chronic bronchial problems ( tech)
    uno de los cuadros más frecuentes one of the most common combinations of manifestations o symptoms
    Compuesto:
    clinical manifestation, symptoms (pl)
    E (tablero) board, panel
    Compuestos:
    control panel
    ● cuadro de mandos or instrumentos
    ( Auto) dashboard; ( Aviac) instrument panel
    G
    (en una organización): los cuadros directivos del partido the top party officials
    el grupo ha reestructurado sus cuadros the group has restructured its organization
    cuadro de profesionales team of specialists o professionals
    los cuadros medios de la empresa the company's middle management
    los cuadros inferiores de las fuerzas armadas the junior officers in the armed forces
    Compuesto:
    mpl (de un ejército) commanders (pl), commanding officers (pl); (de una organización) leaders (pl), leading figures (pl)
    H ( RPl) ( Dep) team
    ser del otro cuadro (Ur fam); to be gay
    I cuadros mpl ( Chi frml) ( Indum) panties (pl) ( AmE), briefs (pl) ( BrE frml)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo cuadrar: ( conjugate cuadrar)

    cuadro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    cuadró es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    cuadrar    
    cuadro
    cuadrar ( conjugate cuadrar) verbo intransitivo

    b) [declaraciones/testimonias] to tally;

    cuadro con algo to fit in with sth, tally with sth
    c) (Ven) ( para una cita) cuadro con algn to arrange to meet sb;

    cuadro para hacer algo to arrange to do sth
    cuadrarse verbo pronominal

    b) [caballo/toro] to stand stock-still

    c) (Col, Ven fam) ( estacionarse) to park

    cuadro sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Art) ( pintura) painting;

    (grabado, reproducción) picture
    b) (Teatr) scene


    2


    zanahorias cortadas en cuadritos diced carrots

    cuadro de mandos or instrumentos (Auto) dashboard;
    (Aviac) instrument panel

    3 ( en organización):

    los cuadros superiores de la empresa the company's senior management;
    cuadros de mando (Mil) commanders (pl)
    cuadrar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (coincidir) to square, agree [con, with]
    2 (las cuentas) to balance, tally
    II verbo transitivo to balance
    cuadro sustantivo masculino
    1 Arte painting, picture
    2 Teat scene
    3 Geom square
    tela a cuadros, checked cloth
    4 (gráfico, esquema) chart, graph
    cuadro clínico, medical profile
    cuadro sinóptico, diagram
    5 Elec Téc panel
    cuadro de mandos, control panel
    ♦ Locuciones: quedarse a cuadros, to be astonished
    estar/quedarse en cuadros, to be short of staff
    ' cuadro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ahorcarse
    - barnizar
    - colgar
    - descentrada
    - descentrado
    - descolgar
    - descolgarse
    - deterioro
    - enmarcar
    - escudriñar
    - imitación
    - inglete
    - mando
    - parar
    - pasmada
    - pasmado
    - posar
    - presidir
    - rematar
    - representar
    - restaurar
    - retratar
    - revalorizar
    - rozar
    - sinóptica
    - sinóptico
    - torcida
    - torcido
    - auténtico
    - bajo
    - bien
    - colocar
    - contemplar
    - cotizar
    - derecho
    - deteriorado
    - efigie
    - encargar
    - enchuecar
    - exhibir
    - exponer
    - falso
    - fondo
    - inapreciable
    - inclinado
    - ladeado
    - marco
    - mirar
    - óleo
    - pintura
    English:
    bid
    - canvas
    - chart
    - check
    - colourful
    - commission
    - depict
    - draw
    - frame
    - hang up
    - mess
    - mount
    - noteworthy
    - oil painting
    - outbid
    - painting
    - picture
    - pose
    - put up
    - restoration
    - restore
    - round
    - show
    - sight
    - square
    - squint
    - straight
    - straighten up
    - table
    - unhook
    - view
    - work in
    - detract
    - go
    - honor
    - pay
    - wrong
    * * *
    cuadro nm
    1. [pintura] painting;
    un cuadro de Miró a Miró, a painting by Miró;
    cuadro al óleo oil painting
    2. [escena] scene, spectacle;
    después del terremoto, la ciudad presentaba un cuadro desolador after the earthquake, the city was a scene of devastation;
    ¡vaya (un) cuadro ofrecíamos tras la tormenta! we were in a sorry state after we got caught in the storm!
    3. [descripción] portrait
    cuadro de costumbres = scene portraying regional customs
    4. [cuadrado] square;
    [de flores] bed;
    una camisa a cuadros a checked shirt;
    un diseño a cuadros a checked pattern;
    una camisa de cuadros verdes a green checked shirt
    cuadro de saque [en squash] service box
    5. [equipo] team;
    el cuadro visitante the away team;
    en este hospital hay un buen cuadro médico o [m5] facultativo the medical staff in this hospital are good;
    el cuadro directivo de una empresa the management of a company;
    los cuadros medios o [m5] intermedios de la administración middle-ranking government officials
    cuadro flamenco flamenco group;
    cuadros de mando [en ejército] commanding officers;
    [en organización] highest-ranking officials; [en empresa] top management
    6. [gráfico] chart, diagram
    cuadro sinóptico tree diagram
    7. [de bicicleta] frame
    8. [de aparato] panel
    cuadro de distribución switchboard;
    cuadro de instrumentos [en avión] control panel;
    [en automóvil] dashboard;
    cuadro de mandos [en avión] control panel;
    [en automóvil] dashboard
    9. Teatro scene
    cuadro vivo tableau vivant
    10. Med
    presenta un cuadro de extrema gravedad her symptoms are extremely serious
    11. [armazón] framework
    12. Mil square formation
    13. Informát box
    cuadro de cierre close box;
    cuadro de diálogo dialog box
    14. Am [matadero] slaughterhouse
    15. Comp
    en cuadro: la empresa está en cuadro tras la marcha del equipo directivo the company has been caught seriously short after its entire management team left;
    con la lesión de siete jugadores, el equipo se queda en cuadro the team has been seriously weakened after the injuries to seven of its players;
    Fam
    quedarse a cuadros: cuando me dijo que yo era el padre del bebé, me quedé a cuadros I was completely floored when she told me that I was the father of the baby
    * * *
    m
    1 painting; ( grabado) picture
    2 ( tabla) table
    3 DEP team; POL, MIL staff, cadre;
    4
    :
    de o
    a cuadros checked;
    quedarse a cuadros be short of staff
    * * *
    cuadro nm
    1) : square
    una blusa a cuadros: a checkered blouse
    2) : painting, picture
    3) : baseball diamond, infield
    4) : panel, board, cadre
    * * *
    1. (de arte) painting
    a cuadros / de cuadros check / checked

    Spanish-English dictionary > cuadro

  • 7 висш

    high; supreme; extreme; paramount
    (за съдия, общество) high
    (за математика, животни) higher
    (за длъжност, чин, съд) superior
    най- висш sovereign, supreme
    висше учебно заведение an institution of higher education, university
    висш институт за... a higher institute of...
    висше общество high/swell society; high life
    хора от висшето общество society people
    висш служител a high/high-ranking official
    висши (държавни) чиновници great officers of state
    висше благо supreme good
    отнасям се до по- висша инстанция refer to higher authority
    във/до висша степен in the highest degree; eminently
    * * *
    прил. high; supreme; extreme; paramount; (за съдия, общество) high; (за математика, животни) higher; (за образование) higher; (за длъжност, чин, съд) superior; \висш институт за … higher institute of …; \висш служител high/high-ranking/senior official; \висше благо supreme good; \висше общество high/swell society; high life, smart set; \висше учебно заведение (ВУЗ) institution of higher education, university; \висши (държавни) чиновници great officers of state; най-\висш sovereign, supreme; хора от \висшето общество society people; отнасям се до по-\висша инстанция refer to higher authority; • във/до \висша степен in the highest degree; eminently.
    * * *
    crowning; empyreal; high{hai}; imperial; paramount; supreme{syu:`pi:m}; higher mathematics; calculus - висша математика; higher education - висше образование
    * * *
    1. (за длъжност, чин, съд) superior 2. (за математика, животни) higher 3. (за образование) higher 4. (за съдия, общество) high 5. high;supreme;extreme;paramount 6. ВИСШ институт за... a higher institute of... 7. ВИСШ служител а high/high-ranking official 8. ВИСШe благо supreme good 9. ВИСШe общество high/swell society;high life 10. ВИСШe учебно заведение an institution of higher education, university 11. ВИСШи (държавни) чиновници great officers of state 12. във/до ВИСШа степен in the highest degree; eminently 13. най-ВИСШ sovereign, supreme 14. отнасям се до по-ВИСШа инстанция refer to higher authority 15. хора от ВИСШето общество society people

    Български-английски речник > висш

  • 8 officer

    n
    1) чиновник; государственный служащий, должностное лицо, сотрудник
    2) офицер; полицейский; развед. жарг. официальный сотрудник ЦРУ
    •
    - anti-terrorist officer
    - AO
    - arresting officer
    - associate officer
    - backstopping officer
    - bomb disposal officer
    - budget officer
    - career foreign service officer
    - career officer
    - case officer
    - certifying officer
    - chief administrative officer
    - Chief Law Enforcement Officer
    - Chief Medical Officer
    - chief police officer
    - child welfare officer
    - cipher officer
    - civil officer
    - commanding officers
    - commissioned officer
    - conference officer
    - consular officer
    - correctional officer
    - counterintelligence officer
    - customs officer
    - diplomatic officer
    - disbursing officer
    - disciplinary officer
    - document officer
    - drug enforcement officer
    - economic affairs officer
    - election officer
    - elective officer
    - field officer
    - finance officer
    - first class officer
    - foreign service officer
    - highest-ranking officer
    - immigration officer
    - information officer
    - intelligence officer
    - junior officer
    - law enforcement officer
    - law officer
    - legal officer
    - legislative officer
    - liaison officer
    - medical officer
    - middle-ranking officers
    - military officer
    - naval recruiting officer
    - officer in charge of division / section etc.
    - officer in charge of project
    - officer in charge
    - officer of the court
    - officer of the law
    - officers and staff
    - officers of the conference
    - peace officer
    - personnel officer
    - placement officer
    - police officers on horseback
    - police officers on the beat
    - polling officer
    - presiding officer
    - press officer
    - preventive officer
    - prison officer
    - probation officer
    - professional officer
    - public officer
    - public relations officer
    - purchasing officer
    - reserve officer
    - retired officer
    - returning officer
    - security officer
    - senior officer
    - serving military officer
    - social security officer
    - Special Branch officer
    - staff officer
    - superior officer
    - the great officers of State
    - truant officer
    - undercover police officer

    Politics english-russian dictionary > officer

  • 9 grado

    "degree;
    Grad;
    grau"
    * * *
    1. m degree
    in una gerarchia, military rank
    30 gradi all'ombra 30 degrees in the shade
    in grado di lavorare capable of working, fit for work
    essere in grado di be in a position to
    per gradi by degrees
    2. m : di buon grado willingly
    * * *
    grado1 s.m.
    1 degree; level, standard: grado di conoscenza, parentela, degree of knowledge, kinship; ha raggiunto un ottimo grado di conoscenza della lingua, he has reached a high standard of competence in the language; alto grado di civiltà, high degree (o level) of civilization; cugino di primo, secondo grado, first, second cousin; in minor grado, in a lesser degree; il massimo grado di esattezza, the highest level (o degree) of accuracy // (dir.): omicidio di primo, secondo grado, murder in the first, second degree; grado del processo, stage of the proceeding; (econ.): grado di occupazione, employment scale; grado di monopolio, degree of monopoly; grado di utilizzazione dei vari mezzi di comunicazione, degree of media coverage // (interrogatorio di) terzo grado, third degree; mi ha fatto il terzo grado per sapere dov'ero stato, he grilled me (o he gave me the third degree) to find out where I had been // per gradi, by degrees (o step by step o in stages o gradually); è bene procedere per gradi nell'illustrare il progetto, it's a good idea to explain the project step by step (o in stages) // a grado a grado, by degrees (o step by step)
    2 (condizione) essere in grado di fare qlco., to be able to do sthg. (o to be in a position to do sthg.): sei più in grado di me di giudicare, you are in a better position to judge than I am; sei in grado di sostenere l'esame?, are you up to taking the exam?; sei in grado di guidare una macchina?, can you drive a car?; mettere qlcu. in grado di fare qlco., to put s.o. in a position to do sthg. (o to enable s.o. to do sthg.)
    3 (in una scala di valori) degree: (gramm.) grado comparativo, comparative degree; (metall.) grado di durezza, degree of hardness; (geogr.) grado di latitudine, degree of latitude; (fis.) grado di umidità, degree of humidity (o humidity ratio); gradi di libertà, degrees of freedom; (mat.) grado di un polinomio, degree of a polynomial; (mat.) un angolo di dieci gradi, an angle of 10˚ (ten degrees); (mat.) equazione di secondo grado, equation of the second degree; l'acqua gela a 0 ˚C o a 32 ˚F, water freezes at 0 ˚C (zero degrees centigrade) or 32 ˚F; la notte di Natale ci furono 9 ˚C sotto zero, on Christmas Eve it was ­9 ˚C (o nine degrees centigrade below zero); quanti gradi ha quel vino?, what's the alcohol content of this wine?; una scossa di terremoto del quinto grado della scala Richter, a shock of five on the Richter scale
    4 (posizione gerarchica) rank, grade: il grado di un impiegato, di un funzionario, the rank of an employee, of an official; grado di un magistrato, magisterial rank; di alto grado, of high rank (o position); gente di ogni grado, people of all ranks (o stations); avanzamento di grado, promotion; avanzare di grado, to be promoted; (amm.) grado gerarchico, rank
    5 (mil.) rank: ha raggiunto il grado di colonnello, he has attained the rank of colonel; mi è superiore di grado, he is above me in rank; avere il grado di maggiore, to hold the rank of major; essere promosso al grado di capitano, to be promoted to the rank of captain; perdere i gradi, to be demoted (o to lose one's stripes); gli alti gradi dell'esercito, the highest ranking officers (o the senior officers) of the army
    6 (mil.) (gallone) stripe; (a V, di sottufficiale) chevron
    7 (inform.) order.
    grado2 s.m. (gradimento) pleasure; liking; will: suo mal grado, against his will // di buon grado, with pleasure (o willingly); accettare qlco. di buon grado, to take sthg. in good part.
    * * *
    I ['ɡrado] sm II ['ɡrado] sm
    1) (gen) degree, (livello) degree, level, Alpinismo grade

    un cugino di primo/secondo grado — a first/second cousin

    2) Mil, (sociale) rank
    * * *
    I 1. ['grado]
    sostantivo maschile
    1) (di angolo, temperatura) degree

    questo vino fa 12 -i — this wine contains 12% alcohol (by volume)

    3) (livello) degree, level; (stadio) stage

    per -i — by degrees, gradually, in stages

    4) (in una serie) degree

    cugini di primo grado — first cousins, cousins once removed

    5) (livello gerarchico, sociale) rank (anche mil.)

    salire di grado — to be promoted, to advance form.

    essere in grado di fare qcs. — to be able to do sth.

    in grado di funzionare — in working o running order

    2.
    sostantivo maschile plurale gradi mil. stripes, bars AE

    grado Celsius o centigrado degree Celsius o centigrade; grado Fahrenheit — degree Fahrenheit

    ••

    fare il terzo grado a qcn. — to give sb. the third degree

    II ['grado]
    sostantivo maschile

    fare qcs. di buon grado — to do sth. with (a) good grace

    * * *
    grado1
    /'grado/ ⇒ 36, 12
    I sostantivo m.
     1 (di angolo, temperatura) degree; un angolo di 30 -i an angle of 30 degrees; fuori ci sono 5 -i it's 5 degrees outside
     2 (alcolico) questo vino fa 12 -i this wine contains 12% alcohol (by volume)
     3 (livello) degree, level; (stadio) stage; per -i by degrees, gradually, in stages
     4 (in una serie) degree; grado di parentela degree of kinship; ustioni di terzo grado third-degree burns; cugini di primo grado first cousins, cousins once removed; un terremoto del sesto grado della scala Richter an earthquake registering six on the Richter scale
     5 (livello gerarchico, sociale) rank (anche mil.); di grado elevato high-ranking; salire di grado to be promoted, to advance form.
     6 in grado essere in grado di fare qcs. to be able to do sth.; in grado di funzionare in working o running order
    II gradi m.pl.
     mil. stripes, bars AE
    fare il terzo grado a qcn. to give sb. the third degree
    \
    grado Celsius o centigrado degree Celsius o centigrade; grado Fahrenheit degree Fahrenheit.
    ————————
    grado2
    /'grado/
    sostantivo m.
    di buon grado willingly; fare qcs. di buon grado to do sth. with (a) good grace.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > grado

  • 10 cúpula

    f.
    dome, cupola, cupule.
    * * *
    1 cupola, dome
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Arquit) dome, cupola
    2) (Náut) turret
    3) (Bot) husk, shell
    4) (Pol) party leadership, leading members; (Com, Econ) top management
    * * *
    1) (Arquit) dome, cupola; (Mil, Náut) ( torreta) turret
    * * *
    = dome.
    Ex. The library, contained in a dome 56 feet in diameter and 22 feet high, will occupy 48,000 square feet and is expected to open in late summer 1986.
    ----
    * con cúpula = domed.
    * Cúpula de la Roca, la = Dome of the Rock, the.
    * Cúpula Sixtina, la = Sistine Ceiling, the.
    * en forma de cúpula = dome-shaped, domed.
    * * *
    1) (Arquit) dome, cupola; (Mil, Náut) ( torreta) turret
    * * *
    = dome.

    Ex: The library, contained in a dome 56 feet in diameter and 22 feet high, will occupy 48,000 square feet and is expected to open in late summer 1986.

    * con cúpula = domed.
    * Cúpula de la Roca, la = Dome of the Rock, the.
    * Cúpula Sixtina, la = Sistine Ceiling, the.
    * en forma de cúpula = dome-shaped, domed.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Arquit) dome, cupola
    2 ( Mil, Náut) (torreta) turret
    Compuesto:
    onion dome
    B
    (de una organización): determinaciones tomadas en la cúpula del partido decisions taken by the party leadership
    la cúpula militar the leaders of the armed forces, the highest ranking officers in the armed forces
    grandes cambios en la cúpula de la empresa big changes in the upper echelons of the company
    * * *

    cúpula sustantivo femenino (Arquit) dome, cupola
    cúpula sustantivo femenino
    1 Arquit dome
    2 (de dirigentes) leadership
    ' cúpula' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    linterna
    - mantenerse
    - relevo
    - sostener
    - conducción
    English:
    dome
    - leadership
    * * *
    1. [bóveda] dome, cupola
    2. [mandos] leaders;
    la cúpula del partido the party leadership;
    la cúpula militar the top-ranking officers in the armed forces, the heads of the armed forces;
    el presidente ha anunciado cambios en la cúpula de la organización the Br chairman o US president has announced changes at top management level in the organization
    3. Mil [torre] turret
    * * *
    f
    1 dome, cupola
    2 esp POL leadership;
    cúpula directiva board of directors
    * * *
    : dome, cupola
    * * *
    cúpula n dome

    Spanish-English dictionary > cúpula

  • 11 quarter

    ̘. ̈n. ̘ˑ ̏ ʄ ʁ˧ ̆of̃ʟ a quarter of a century ̏ɰʄ ʁ˧ ʄɰ̘ʟ to divide into quarters ʁ̘̋ɣ ↗˧ ɜ̘ ̏ :ʁ ̏̆ɻʟ for a quarter of the price, for quarter the price ̘̋ ̏ɰʄ ʁ˧ ʌ ɜ: ̙ˑ ̏ɰʄ ʁ˧ ̏̆ɻ̘ʟ a quarter to one, ̘̈↘. a quarter of one ɬ ̋ ̏ɰʄ ʁ ̘̏ɻʟ a bad quarter of an hour ɜɰɻɞ↗˧ɞ ɜ ̤ʁɭɜ˧ˈ ↘ɜʙʟ ɜ ̤ʁɭɜɞ ̤ ʁ -ʄ̆ɜ ̝ˑ ʄ̘ʁ̆↗ ̆ˌɞɣ̘̃, ̈ɞ↗. ̏ɰʄ ʁ˧ʟ to be several quarters in arrear ̘̋ɣɞ↗-̆˧ ̘̋ ɜɰɻɞ↗˧ɞ ʄ̘ʁ̆↗ɞʄ ̆ʄ̘ʁ̂ʁɜ˞ʕ ̤↗̆˞  .̤.̃ ̞ˑ ʄ̘ʁ̆↗ ̆ˌɟʁɞɣ̘̃ʟ residential quarter ʄ̘ʁ̆↗ -↗:ˈ ɣɞ↘ɟʄ ̪ˑ ɻʁ̘ɜ̆ ɻʄɰ̘ ̻ˑ ̈pl. ʄ̘ʁ̂ʁ̘, ̤ɞ↘ ̀ɰɜ, -↗̂̀ ʟ at close quarters ʄ ɰɻɜɞ↘ ɻɞɻɰɣɻʄ ʟ to take up oneʼs quarters with smb. ̤ɞɻ ↗̂˧ɻ̼ ˞ ɞˌɟ̤↗. ↗ ɻ  ↘̤↗. ̜ˑ ̈pl. ̈ʄɞ ɜ. ʄ̘ʁ̂ʁ˧, ̘̋̆ʁ↘˧ʟ ɻɞɭɜ̘ʟ ̈↘ɞʁ. ̤ɞɻʟ to beat to quarters ̈↘ɞʁ. ɬ˧ ɻɬɞʁʟ to sound off quarters ̈↘ɞʁ. ɬ˧ ɞɬɟ  ̥ˑ ↘ɰɻɞ, ɻɞʁɞɜ̆ʟ from every quarter ɻɞ ʄɻ ˈ ɻɞʁɟɜʟ from no quarter ɜɞʙɣ̘, ɜ ɻ ̏˧   ɻɞʁɞɜ:ʟ we learned from the hiɡhest quarters ↘˧ ˞̋ɜ̆↗ ̋ ̘ʄɞʁɰɜ˧ˈ ɻɟ̏ɜɞʄ ̯ˑ ̤ɞ̀̆ɣ̘ʟ to ask for ̆↗ to crỹ quarter ̤ʁɞɻ̂˧ ̤ɞ̀̆ɣ˧ʟ to ɡive quarter ̤ɞ̘̀ɣ̂˧ -̋ɜ˧ ̆ɻɣ̘ʄ ˌɞɻ̼ ɜ̘ ↘↗ɞɻ˧ ̤ɞɬ ɣ ↗̼̃ʟ no quarter to be ɡiven ̤ɞ̀̆ɣ˧ ɜ ɬʙɣ  ̘̰ˑ ̤ʁˤ↘, ɞɬˈɞ-ɣɰɜ ̘̘ˑ ̏ɰʄ ʁ˧ ̆˞̃ʟ fore quarter ↗ɞ̤̆̘ʟ hind quarter ̋̆ɣɜ̼̼ ̘̏ɻ˧ ̘̙ˑ ̏ɰʄ ʁ˧ ̆↘ ʁ̘ ɻ˧̤˞̏ˈ  ↗ ̠ ̙,̯ ˌ ɞ↗ʁ̘ʟ ↘ ʁ̘ ʄ ɻ̘ ̠ ̘̙,̜ ˌʟ ↘ ʁ̘ ɣ↗ɜ˧ˡ ̘/̞ ̼ʁɣ̘ ̠ ̙̙,̥̻ ɻ↘, ̘/̞ ↘↗ ̠ ̞̰̙,̙̞ ↘̃ ̘̝ˑ ̈↘ɞʁ. ̏ɰʄ ʁ˧ ʁʙ↘ɬ̘ʟ from what quarter does the wind blowʔ ɞʙɣ̘ ɣʙ  ʄɰ ʁʔ ̘̞ˑ ̘̈↘. ̆↘ɞɜɰ̘ ʄ ̙̪ ʌɰɜɞʄ̃ ̘̪ˑ ɬ ˌ ɜ̘ ̏ɰʄ ʁ˧ ↘̂↗ ̘̻ˑ ̈↘ɞʁ. ɞʁ↘ɞʄ̼̆ ̘̏ɻ˧ ɻʙɣɜ̘ ̘̜ˑ ̋̆ɣɜ ̆ɻ̘̤ɞˌ̘̃ ̘̥ˑ ̈ˌ ʁ̘↗˧ɣ. ̏ɰʄ ʁ˧ ˌ ʁ̘↗˧ɣ̂̏ ɻɞˌɞ ̀̆ ̘̯ˑ ̈ɻʁ. ɣ ʁ ʄɭɜɜ˧  ̏ ˧ʁˤˈˌʁ̆ɜɜ˧  ɬʁ˞ɻʟ not a quarter so ɡood as ɣ̘↗ ɟ ɜ ̘ ˈɞʁɟ, ̘ʟ at close quarters ʄ ɜ ̤ɞɻʁɰɣɻʄ ɜɜɞ↘ ɻɞ̤ʁɞɻɜɞʄɰɜ ̆ɞɻɞɬ. ɻ ̤ʁɞʄɜɞ↘̃ ʀɻʁ. -. ̻ɽʟ to come to close quarters ̘ˑ ʄɻ˞̤̂˧ ʄ ʁ˞ɞ̤̆ɜ˞ʕʟ ɬˑ ɻʌ ̤̂˧ɻ̼ ʄ ɻ̤ɟʁ ʟ ʄˑ ɻɞ↗ɜʙ˧ɻ̼ ↗ʌɟ↘  ↗ʌʙ ̙. ̈v. ̘ˑ ɣ ↗̂˧ ɜ̘ ̏ :ʁ ̆ʁ̆ʄɜ˧ ̃ ̏̆ɻ ̙ˑ ̈ɻ. ̏ ʄ ʁɞʄ̆˧ ̝ˑ ʁ̘ɻʄ̘ʁʁɟʄ˧ʄ̘˧ ̆ɞɻɞɬ. ʄɞ ɻ̘̃ʟ ̤ɞ↘ ̀̆˧ ɜ̘ ʄ̘ʁ̂ʁ˞ʟ ɻ̆ʄ˧ ɜ̘ ̤ɞɻɟ  ̆on quarter  ɞ↘˞̤↗.̃ ̞ˑ ʄ̘ʁʁɞʄ̆˧ ̆at̃ ̪ˑ ʁ:ɻ̘˧ ̤ɞ ʄɻ ↘ ɜ̘̤ʁ̘ʄ↗ɰɜ̼↘ ̆ɞɬ ɞˈɞɜ̏˧ˈ ɻɞɬ̘̘ˈ̃ ̻ˑ ˞ɻ˞̤̆˧ ɣɞʁɟˌ˞, ɻʄɞʁ̆̏ʄ̘˧, ̏ɟɬ˧ ʁ̘̋̂ɰˈ̘˧ɻ̼ ̜ˑ ̈ˌ ʁ̘↗˧ɣ. ɣ ↗̂˧ ̆̀̃ ɜ̘ ̏ɰʄ ʁʟ ̤ɞ↘ ̀̆˧ ʄ ɞɣɜɟ  ̋ ̏ ʄ ʁɰ  ̀̆ ɜɟʄ˧  ˌ ʁɬ
    1. сущ.
    1) а) четверть, четвертая часть A quarter of the population voted for him. ≈ За него проголосовало четверть населения. His allowance was a quarter a week. ≈ В неделю ему выдавалось четверть суммы на содержание. Syn: one of four equal parts, fourth part, one-fourth, fourth, 25 percent б) четверть часа a quarter to one, амер. a quarter of one ≈ без четверти час в) квартал (года) ;
    школ. четверть г) амер. монета в 25 центов д) мор. четверть румба е) геральдика четверть геральдического щита ж) четверть (мера сыпучих тел = 2,9 гектолитра;
    мера веса = 12,7 кг;
    мера длины: 1/4 ярда = 22,86 см, 1/4 мили = 402,24 м)
    2) бег на четверть мили
    3) а) квартал (города) residential quarter ≈ квартал жилых домов б) мн. жилище, жилье, квартира We must find quarters before nightfall. ≈ Мы должны найти какое-нибудь жилье, прежде чем наступит ночь. Syn: lodging, housing, place to stay, place to live, board, shelter в) мн.;
    воен. квартиры, казармы;
    стоянка;
    мор. пост to find quarters ≈ найти квартиру bachelor quarters ≈ дом холостяка officers' quarters ≈ офицерские казармы to beat to quarters, sound off quarters ≈ бить сбор
    4) страна света
    5) место, сторона The troops attacked the city from all quarters. ≈ Войска атаковали город со всех сторон. Syn: area, place, location, locality
    6) пощада to ask for/to cry quarter ≈ просить пощады The king gave no quarter to traitors. ≈ Король не пощадил предателей. Syn: mercy
    7) обхождение, прием
    8) а) мор. кормовая часть судна б) задник( сапога)
    9) строит. деревянный четырехгранный брус ∙ at close quarters come to close quarters
    2. гл.
    1) делить на четыре( равные) части She quartered the sandwiches and put them on a serving tray. ≈ Она разделила бутерброды на четыре части и положила их на поднос. Syn: cut into quarters, slice four ways
    2) ист. четвертовать
    3) геральдика делить на четверти (щит) ;
    помещать в одной из четвертей щита новый герб
    4) а) поселять, помещать на квартиру;
    расквартировывать( особ. войска) ;
    ставить на постой( on - к кому-л.) The visiting diplomat was quartered at the embassy. ≈ Прибывшего диплома разместили в посольстве. б) квартировать (at) ∙ Syn: furnish with quarters, billet, lodge, house
    5) рыскать по всем направлениям( об охотничьих собаках)
    6) уступать дорогу, сворачивать четверть, четвертая часть - a * of a pound четверть фунта - a * of an apple четверть яблока - a mile and a * миля с четвертью - to divide smth. into *s разделить что-л. на четыре части - a * of a year квартал, три месяца - for (a) * (of) the price за четверть цены - what's the * of 64? чему равна четвертая часть от 64? четверть часа, пятнадцать минут - a * to /(амер) of/ one без четверти час - a * past one четверть второго - some clocks strike the *s некоторые часы бьют каждые четверть часа квартал, четверть года, три месяца - to pay for smth. at the end of each * платить за что-л. в конце каждого квартала - several *s' rent квартплата за несколько кварталов - a whole *'s pay трехмесячное жалование( разговорное) квартплата за квартал (школьное) четверть - he had a * at French он одну четверть занимался французским (американизм) четверть доллара, 25 центов - to be a * cheaper быть на 25 центов дешевле( американизм) монета в 25 центов (кулинарное) четвертина (туши) - fore * передняя часть, лопатка - hind * задняя часть, окорок - a * of beef четверть говяжьей туши доля (вымени) (устаревшее) четвертая часть тела человека квартер (мера веса, а также мера объема сыпучих тел) четверть мили (спортивное) бег на четверть мили (морское) четверть румба (морское) шканцы (морское) ют - on the * на корме (строительство) деревянный четырехгранный брус задник (сапога) боковая сторона копыта (у лошади) (геральдика) четверть геральдического щита (астрономия) четверть (Луны) - the first * первая четверть (Луны) квартал - residential * квартал жилых домов район, часть города - in the southern * в южной части города - a student * студенческий городок - in the industrial * of the city в промышленном районе города страна света, часть света - the four *s of the globe все части земного шара, все страны света место, сторона - a distant * отдаленный уголок - from every * отовсюду, со всех сторон - from all *s of the earth отовсюду - from no * ниоткуда - they gathered from all *s of Europe они съехались из всех уголков Европы - from what * does the wind blow? с какой стороны дует ветер? круг лиц;
    сфера;
    круги - in the highest *s в высших кругах /сферах/ - business *s деловые круги - to apply /to address oneself/ to the proper * обратиться в нужное место источник( помощи, информации) - he could expect no help from that * он не мог ожидать помощи оттуда - to obtain information from a reliable * получать информацию из надежного источника пощада, снисхождение - to ask for * просить пощады - to give * пощадить жизнь( сдавшегося на милость победителя) - to receive * получить пощаду выдержка;
    терпеливость;
    терпимость прием, обхождение - to give smb. fair * оказать кому-л. хороший прием - to meet ill * from smb. быть плохо принятым кем-л., встретить холодный прием с чьей-л. стороны > to have a bad * of an hour пережить несколько неприятных минут > to beat up smb.'s *s навещать кого-л. запросто > the fifth * шкура и жир убитого животного > to keep a * шумно вести себя > not a * so /as/ good вовсе не так хорош делить, разделить на четыре равные части - to * an apple разделить яблоко на четыре равные части (редкое) делить на части( историческое) четвертовать (геральдика) делить (щит) на четверти (геральдика) помещать в одной из четвертей щита (новый герб) (астрономия) вступать в новую фазу (о Луне) расквартировывать, ставить на постой( особ. войска) - to * troops in a city расквартировывать войска в городе - to * upon smb. ставить на постой к кому-л. расквартировываться, размещаться по квартирам квартировать, жить( где-л.) селиться - to * oneself on /with/ smb. поселиться у кого-л. рыскать (об охотничьих собаках) - to * a covert рыскать в чаще( морское) рыскать - to * the sea бороздить море уступать дорогу;
    сворачивать в сторону, чтобы разъехаться( морское) идти в бакштаг ~ пощада;
    to ask for (или to cry) quarter просить пощады;
    to give quarter пощадить жизнь (сдавшегося на милость победителя) ;
    no quarter to be given пощады не будет ~ pl квартира, помещение, жилище;
    at close quarters в тесном соседстве (ср. тж.) ;
    to take up one's quarters (with smb.) поселиться (у кого-л. или с кем-л.) at close ~s в непосредственном соприкосновении (особ. с противником) ~ четверть часа;
    a quarter to one, амер. a quarter of one без четверти час;
    a bad quarter of an hour несколько неприятных минут;
    неприятное переживание ~ квартал (года) ;
    школ. четверть;
    to be several quarters in arrears задолжать за несколько кварталов (квартирную плату и т. п.) ~ pl воен. квартиры, казармы;
    стоянка;
    мор. пост;
    to beat to quarters мор. бить сбор;
    to sound off quarters мор. бить отбой business ~ деловой квартал by the ~ поквартально to come to close ~s вступить в рукопашную to come to close ~s столкнуться лицом к лицу to come to close ~s сцепиться в споре commercial ~ торговый квартал ~ четверть (of) ;
    a quarter of a century четверть века;
    to divide into quarters разделить на четыре части first ~ первый квартал for a ~ (of) the price, for ~ the price за четверть цены for a ~ (of) the price, for ~ the price за четверть цены ~ четверть (туши) ;
    fore quarter лопатка;
    hind quarter задняя часть fourth ~ четвертый квартал ~ место, сторона;
    from every quarter со всех сторон;
    from no quarter ниоткуда, ни с чьей стороны ~ место, сторона;
    from every quarter со всех сторон;
    from no quarter ниоткуда, ни с чьей стороны ~ мор. четверть румба;
    from what quarter does the wind blow? откуда дует ветер? ~ пощада;
    to ask for (или to cry) quarter просить пощады;
    to give quarter пощадить жизнь (сдавшегося на милость победителя) ;
    no quarter to be given пощады не будет ~ четверть (туши) ;
    fore quarter лопатка;
    hind quarter задняя часть industrial ~ промышленная зона industrial ~ промышленный район last ~ последний квартал ~ пощада;
    to ask for (или to cry) quarter просить пощады;
    to give quarter пощадить жизнь (сдавшегося на милость победителя) ;
    no quarter to be given пощады не будет ~ стр. деревянный четырехгранный брус;
    not a quarter so good as далеко не так хорош, как quarter квартировать (at) ~ амер. (монета в 25 центов) ~ четверть (of) ;
    a quarter of a century четверть века;
    to divide into quarters разделить на четыре части ~ арендная плата за квартал ~ бег на четверть мили ~ геральд. четверть геральдического щита ~ геральд. делить (щит) на четверти;
    помещать в одной из четвертей щита новый герб ~ делить на четыре (равные) части ~ стр. деревянный четырехгранный брус;
    not a quarter so good as далеко не так хорош, как ~ задник (сапога) ~ квартал (города) ;
    residential quarter квартал жилых домов ~ квартал (года) ;
    школ. четверть;
    to be several quarters in arrears задолжать за несколько кварталов (квартирную плату и т. п.) ~ квартал года ~ квартал города ~ pl квартира, помещение, жилище;
    at close quarters в тесном соседстве (ср. тж.) ;
    to take up one's quarters (with smb.) поселиться (у кого-л. или с кем-л.) ~ pl воен. квартиры, казармы;
    стоянка;
    мор. пост;
    to beat to quarters мор. бить сбор;
    to sound off quarters мор. бить отбой ~ мор. кормовая часть судна ~ круг лиц ~ место, сторона;
    from every quarter со всех сторон;
    from no quarter ниоткуда, ни с чьей стороны ~ пощада;
    to ask for (или to cry) quarter просить пощады;
    to give quarter пощадить жизнь (сдавшегося на милость победителя) ;
    no quarter to be given пощады не будет ~ прием, обхождение ~ расквартировывать (особ. войска) ;
    помещать на квартиру;
    ставить на постой (on - к кому-л.) ~ рыскать по всем направлениям (об охотничьих собаках) ~ страна света ~ три месяца года ~ уступать дорогу, сворачивать, чтобы разъехаться ~ 25 центов ~ четвертая часть ~ ист. четвертовать ~ четверть (мера сыпучих тел = 2,9 гектолитра;
    мера веса = 12,7 кг;
    мера длины: 1/4 ярда = 22,86 см, 1/4 мили = 402,24 м) ~ четверть (туши) ;
    fore quarter лопатка;
    hind quarter задняя часть ~ четверть ~ четверть доллара ~ мор. четверть румба;
    from what quarter does the wind blow? откуда дует ветер? ~ четверть часа;
    a quarter to one, амер. a quarter of one без четверти час;
    a bad quarter of an hour несколько неприятных минут;
    неприятное переживание ~ четверть часа ~ четверть (of) ;
    a quarter of a century четверть века;
    to divide into quarters разделить на четыре части ~ четверть часа;
    a quarter to one, амер. a quarter of one без четверти час;
    a bad quarter of an hour несколько неприятных минут;
    неприятное переживание ~ четверть часа;
    a quarter to one, амер. a quarter of one без четверти час;
    a bad quarter of an hour несколько неприятных минут;
    неприятное переживание ~ квартал (города) ;
    residential quarter квартал жилых домов residential ~ жилой квартал residential ~ жилой район residentional ~ квартал жилых домов second ~ второй квартал ~ pl воен. квартиры, казармы;
    стоянка;
    мор. пост;
    to beat to quarters мор. бить сбор;
    to sound off quarters мор. бить отбой ~ pl квартира, помещение, жилище;
    at close quarters в тесном соседстве (ср. тж.) ;
    to take up one's quarters (with smb.) поселиться (у кого-л. или с кем-л.) third ~ третий квартал urban ~ городской квартал we learned from the highest ~s мы узнали из авторитетных источников

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > quarter

  • 12 rank

    Adj
    1. बदबूदार
    You should not eat rank meat.
    2. सम्पूर्ण
    The winner was a rank outsider.
    3. अधिक\rankमात्रा\rankमे\rankउपज
    This rank grass is likely to produce many weeds.
    --------
    N
    1. क़तार
    Ranks of marching infantry looks so organized.
    2. श्रेणी
    He is the writer of the highest rank.
    The unit consisted of 5 officers and 40 other ranks.
    3. फौज़\rankमे\rankमामूली\rankसैनिक
    You should try to rise from this ranks.
    --------
    VTI
    1. किसी\rankविषेश\rankश्रेणी\rankमे\rankआना
    He ranks well ahead of his classmates in mathematics.
    2. पद\rankमे\rankऊँचा\rankहोना
    She ranks a good position in her field.
    3. विशेष\rankश्रेणी\rankमे\rankरखना
    He was ranked among the best dressed men.
    4. पद\rankमे\rankऊँचा\rankहोना
    The colonel ranks all other officers in the squadron.

    English-Hindi dictionary > rank

  • 13 quarter

    n
    2) пощада, снисхождение
    4) pl квартиры, жилье, помещение
    5) американская монета в 25 центов, "четвертак"
    •

    to lose one's claim receive quarter — юр. терять право на пощаду

    - Black quarters of New York
    - business quarters
    - diplomatic quarters
    - financial quarters
    - highest quarters
    - in the highest quarters
    - king's quarters
    - officers' quarters
    - political quarters
    - residential quarters
    - the army went into winter quarters
    - they were fighting at close quarters

    Politics english-russian dictionary > quarter

  • 14 ordinary ambassador

    гос. упр. постоянный посол
    Syn:
    "
    похоже не синонимы! Просто тот, который не ""чрезвычайный посол""
    "
    !
    An ordinary ambassador is charged with the duties of heading a permanent diplomatic mission and maintaining relations between his home and his host country and to conduct relations on an equal basis with other nations. An Extraordinary Ambassador is appointed to head some particular mission for a particular purpose and such postings are for an indefinite period lasting till the completion of the mission. Such appointments are generally politically initiated.
    A resident ambassador resides within the political boundaries of the country to which he/she is posted while a non-resident ambassador does not live within the country of his/her posting but lives in a neighboring country. Therefore, a resident ambassador of US in India may at the same time be a non-resident ambassador of other countries of the sub-continent. Ambassadors are deemed representatives of their heads of state to the heads of state of their place of posting and not representative of one state government to another state government. This is a practice that has persisted ever since the ambassadorial post was created. Only high commissioners (since once they shared their heads of state) are deemed to represent their governments.
    It may sometimes transpire that the post of ambassador is handed out to a person as a matter of routine transfer or promotion within the country in the ministry of foreign affairs as furtherance to their careers.
    "
    An ambassador, rarely embassador, is a diplomatic official accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organization, to serve as the official representative of his or her own country. In everyday usage it applies to the ranking plenipotentiary minister stationed in a foreign capital. The host country typically allows the ambassador control of specific territory called an embassy, whose territory, staff, and even vehicles are generally afforded diplomatic immunity from most laws of the host country. The senior diplomatic officers among members of the Commonwealth of Nations are known as High Commissioners, who are the heads of High Commissions. Representatives of the Holy See are known as Papal or Apostolic Nuncios, while the head of a Libyan People's Bureau is a Secretary. Historically, officials representing their countries abroad were termed ministers, but this term was also applied to diplomats of the second rank. The Congress of Vienna of 1815 formalized the system of diplomatic rank under international law: Ambassadors are ministers of the highest rank, with plenipotentiary authority to represent their head of state. An Ordinary Ambassador is one heading a permanent diplomatic mission, for instance the senior professional diplomat in an embassy. An Extraordinary Ambassador could be appointed for special purposes or for an indefinite term; politically appointed ambassadors would fall under this category. Moreover, a Resident Ambassador is one who resides within the country to which s/he is accredited. A Non-Resident Ambassador is one who does not reside within the country to which s/he is accredited, but lives in a nearby country. Thus a resident ambassador to a country might at the same time also be a non-resident ambassador to several other countries.
    "

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > ordinary ambassador

  • 15 resident ambassador

    гос. упр. = ordinary ambassador !
    An ordinary ambassador is charged with the duties of heading a permanent diplomatic mission and maintaining relations between his home and his host country and to conduct relations on an equal basis with other nations. An Extraordinary Ambassador is appointed to head some particular mission for a particular purpose and such postings are for an indefinite period lasting till the completion of the mission. Such appointments are generally politically initiated.
    A resident ambassador resides within the political boundaries of the country to which he/she is posted while a non-resident ambassador does not live within the country of his/her posting but lives in a neighboring country. Therefore, a resident ambassador of US in India may at the same time be a non-resident ambassador of other countries of the sub-continent. Ambassadors are deemed representatives of their heads of state to the heads of state of their place of posting and not representative of one state government to another state government. This is a practice that has persisted ever since the ambassadorial post was created. Only high commissioners (since once they shared their heads of state) are deemed to represent their governments.
    It may sometimes transpire that the post of ambassador is handed out to a person as a matter of routine transfer or promotion within the country in the ministry of foreign affairs as furtherance to their careers.
    "
    An ambassador, rarely embassador, is a diplomatic official accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organization, to serve as the official representative of his or her own country. In everyday usage it applies to the ranking plenipotentiary minister stationed in a foreign capital. The host country typically allows the ambassador control of specific territory called an embassy, whose territory, staff, and even vehicles are generally afforded diplomatic immunity from most laws of the host country. The senior diplomatic officers among members of the Commonwealth of Nations are known as High Commissioners, who are the heads of High Commissions. Representatives of the Holy See are known as Papal or Apostolic Nuncios, while the head of a Libyan People's Bureau is a Secretary. Historically, officials representing their countries abroad were termed ministers, but this term was also applied to diplomats of the second rank. The Congress of Vienna of 1815 formalized the system of diplomatic rank under international law: Ambassadors are ministers of the highest rank, with plenipotentiary authority to represent their head of state. An Ordinary Ambassador is one heading a permanent diplomatic mission, for instance the senior professional diplomat in an embassy. An Extraordinary Ambassador could be appointed for special purposes or for an indefinite term; politically appointed ambassadors would fall under this category. Moreover, a Resident Ambassador is one who resides within the country to which s/he is accredited. A Non-Resident Ambassador is one who does not reside within the country to which s/he is accredited, but lives in a nearby country. Thus a resident ambassador to a country might at the same time also be a non-resident ambassador to several other countries.
    "

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > resident ambassador

  • 16 train

    I trein noun
    1) (a railway engine with its carriages and/or trucks: I caught the train to London.) tren
    2) (a part of a long dress or robe that trails behind the wearer: The bride wore a dress with a train.) cola
    3) (a connected series: Then began a train of events which ended in disaster.) serie, sucesión
    4) (a line of animals carrying people or baggage: a mule train; a baggage train.) (animales) recua; convoy

    II trein verb
    1) (to prepare, be prepared, or prepare oneself, through instruction, practice, exercise etc, for a sport, job, profession etc: I was trained as a teacher; The race-horse was trained by my uncle.) formar, enseñar, instruir; entrenar, preparar
    2) (to point or aim (a gun, telescope etc) in a particular direction: He trained the gun on/at the soldiers.) apuntar; (cámara) enfocar
    3) (to make (a tree, plant etc) grow in a particular direction.) guiar
    •
    - trainee
    - trainer
    - training
    train1 n tren
    train2 vb
    1. entrenar
    2. estudiar / formarse
    tr[treɪn]
    2 (of dress) cola
    4 (retinue) grupo, séquito
    5 (of ideas, thoughts) serie nombre femenino, hilo; (of events) serie nombre femenino, sucesión nombre femenino
    1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL entrenar, preparar
    2 (teach) enseñar, formar, capacitar
    3 (one's eye, ear, voice) educar
    4 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL adiestrar
    5 (animal) enseñar; (to perfom tricks) amaestrar, adiestrar
    6 (direct - gun) apuntar (on, a); (- camera) enfocar (on, a), dirigir (on, hacia); (- plant) guiar
    1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL entrenarse, prepararse
    2 (teach) estudiar
    3 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL adiestrarse
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in train en fase de preparación
    to bring in its train acarrear, traer como consecuencia
    train set juego de trenes
    train spotter aficionado,-a a los trenes
    train ['treɪn] vt
    1) : entrenar (atletas), capacitar (empleados), adiestrar, amaestrar (animales)
    2) point: apuntar (un arma, etc.)
    train vi
    : entrenar(se) (físicamente), prepararse (profesionalmente)
    she's training at the gym: se está entrenando en el gimnasio
    1) : cola f (de un vestido)
    2) retinue: cortejo m, séquito m
    3) series: serie f (de eventos)
    4) : tren m
    passenger train: tren de pasajeros
    v.
    • adiestrar v.
    • aleccionar v.
    • amaestrar v.
    • educar v.
    • enseñar v.
    • entrenar v.
    • formar v.
    • orientar v.
    n.
    • cola s.f.
    • cola de un vestido s.f.
    • convoy s.m.
    • reguero de pólvora s.m.
    • serie s.m.
    • sucesión s.f.
    • séquito s.m.
    • tren s.m.
    treɪn
    I
    1) ( Rail) tren m

    fast train — tren expreso or rápido

    local o (BrE) slow train — tren que para en todas las estaciones

    to take the train — tomar or (esp Esp) coger* el tren

    to travel/go by train — viajar/ir* en tren; (before n)

    train driver — (BrE) maquinista mf

    train timetable — (esp BrE) horario m de trenes

    train set — ferrocarril m de juguete

    2)
    a) (of servants, followers) séquito m, cortejo m
    b) (of events, disasters) serie f

    train of thought: to lose one's train of thought — perder* el hilo (de las ideas)

    3) (of dress, robe) cola f

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) ( instruct) \<\<athlete\>\> entrenar; \<\<soldier\>\> adiestrar; \<\<child\>\> enseñar; ( accustom) acostumbrar, habituar*; \<\<animal\>\> enseñar; ( to perform tricks etc) amaestrar, adiestrar; \<\<employee/worker\>\> ( in new skill etc) capacitar; \<\<teacher\>\> formar

    they are being trained to use the machine — los están capacitando en el uso de la máquina, les están enseñando a usar la máquina

    b) \<\<voice/ear\>\> educar*
    c) \<\<plant\>\> guiar*
    2) ( aim)

    to train something ON something/somebody — \<\<camera/telescope\>\> enfocar* algo/a alguien con algo; \<\<gun\>\> apuntarle a algo/alguien con algo


    2.
    vi
    a) ( receive instruction) \<\<nurse/singer/musician\>\> estudiar

    she's training to be a nurse/teacher — estudia enfermería/magisterio, estudia para enfermera/maestra

    b) ( Sport) entrenar(se)
    [treɪn]
    1. N
    1) (Rail) tren m

    diesel/electric train — tren m diesel/eléctrico

    express/fast/slow train — tren m expreso/rápido/ordinario

    high-speed train — tren m de alta velocidad

    steam train — tren m de vapor

    connecting train — tren m de enlace

    through train — (tren m) directo m

    • to catch a train (to) — coger or (LAm) tomar un tren (a)

    I've got a train to catch — tengo que coger or (LAm) tomar un tren

    • to change trains — cambiar de tren, hacer tra(n)sbordo

    • to go by train — ir en tren

    • to send sth by train — mandar algo por ferrocarril

    • to take the train — coger or (LAm) tomar el tren

    • to travel by train — viajar en tren

    gravy
    2) (=line) [of people, vehicles] fila f ; [of mules, camels] recua f, reata f
    3) (=sequence) serie f

    a train of disasters/events — una serie de catástrofes/acontecimientos

    • the earthquake brought great suffering in its train — el terremoto trajo consigo gran sufrimiento

    • to put sth in train, set sth in train — poner algo en marcha

    • train of thought, to lose one's train of thought — perder el hilo

    they were both silent, each following her own train of thought — estaban las dos calladas, cada una pensando en lo suyo

    4) (=entourage) séquito m, comitiva f
    5) [of dress] cola f
    6) (Mech) [of gears] tren m
    2. VT
    1) (=instruct) [+ staff] formar; [+ worker] (in new technique) capacitar; [+ soldier, pilot] adiestrar; [+ athlete, team] entrenar; [+ animal] (for task) adiestrar; (to do tricks) amaestrar; [+ racehorse] entrenar, preparar

    you've got him well trained! — hum ¡le tienes bien enseñado! hum

    he was trained in Salamanca — (for qualification) estudió en Salamanca; (for job) recibió su formación profesional en Salamanca

    to train sb to do sth: his troops are trained to kill — a sus tropas se les enseña a matar

    • to train sb for sth, the programme trains young people for jobs in computing — el programa forma a la gente joven para realizar trabajos en informática

    • to train sb in sth, officers trained in the use of firearms — oficiales entrenados or adiestrados en el uso de armas de fuego

    they are training women in non-traditional female jobs — están formando a mujeres en trabajos que tradicionalmente no realizan las mujeres

    2) (=develop) [+ voice, mind] educar
    3) (=direct) [+ gun] apuntar (on a); [+ camera, telescope] enfocar (on a)
    4) (=guide) [+ plant] guiar (up, along por)
    3. VI
    1) (=learn a skill) estudiar

    where did you train? — (for qualification) ¿dónde estudió?; (for job) ¿dónde se formó?

    she was training to be a teacher — estudiaba para (ser) maestra, estudiaba magisterio

    • she trained as a hairdresser — estudió peluquería, aprendió el oficio de peluquera

    • he's training for the priesthood — estudia para meterse en el sacerdocio

    2) (Sport) entrenar, entrenarse
    4.
    CPD

    train attendant N — (US) empleado(-a) m / f de a bordo de un tren

    train crash N — accidente m ferroviario

    train fare N —

    train journey N — viaje m en tren

    train service N — servicio m de trenes

    train set N — tren m de juguete (con vías, estaciones etc)

    train station N — estación f de ferrocarril, estación f de tren

    * * *
    [treɪn]
    I
    1) ( Rail) tren m

    fast train — tren expreso or rápido

    local o (BrE) slow train — tren que para en todas las estaciones

    to take the train — tomar or (esp Esp) coger* el tren

    to travel/go by train — viajar/ir* en tren; (before n)

    train driver — (BrE) maquinista mf

    train timetable — (esp BrE) horario m de trenes

    train set — ferrocarril m de juguete

    2)
    a) (of servants, followers) séquito m, cortejo m
    b) (of events, disasters) serie f

    train of thought: to lose one's train of thought — perder* el hilo (de las ideas)

    3) (of dress, robe) cola f

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) ( instruct) \<\<athlete\>\> entrenar; \<\<soldier\>\> adiestrar; \<\<child\>\> enseñar; ( accustom) acostumbrar, habituar*; \<\<animal\>\> enseñar; ( to perform tricks etc) amaestrar, adiestrar; \<\<employee/worker\>\> ( in new skill etc) capacitar; \<\<teacher\>\> formar

    they are being trained to use the machine — los están capacitando en el uso de la máquina, les están enseñando a usar la máquina

    b) \<\<voice/ear\>\> educar*
    c) \<\<plant\>\> guiar*
    2) ( aim)

    to train something ON something/somebody — \<\<camera/telescope\>\> enfocar* algo/a alguien con algo; \<\<gun\>\> apuntarle a algo/alguien con algo


    2.
    vi
    a) ( receive instruction) \<\<nurse/singer/musician\>\> estudiar

    she's training to be a nurse/teacher — estudia enfermería/magisterio, estudia para enfermera/maestra

    b) ( Sport) entrenar(se)

    English-spanish dictionary > train

  • 17 militar

    adj.
    military.
    Aquí hay actividad militar Here we have military activity.
    f. & m.
    1 soldier.
    los militares the military
    2 army officer, military man.
    Los militares están en descanso The army officers are at ease.
    v.
    1 to be active.
    2 to serve in the army.
    El chico alto militó The tall boy served in the army.
    3 to be politically active.
    Los estudiantes militan The students are politically active.
    * * *
    1 military
    1 military man, soldier
    1 MILITAR to serve
    2 PLÍTICA (ser miembro) to be an active member; (ser activista) to be a militant, be an activist
    \
    tribunal militar military court
    * * *
    1. adj. 2. noun mf.
    * * *
    1.
    2.
    SM (=soldado) soldier, military man; [en la mili] serviceman
    3. VI
    1) (Mil) to serve ( in the army)
    2) (Pol)
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo military
    II
    masculino y femenino soldier, military man
    III
    verbo intransitivo to be politically active
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo military
    II
    masculino y femenino soldier, military man
    III
    verbo intransitivo to be politically active
    * * *
    militar1
    1 = serviceman [servicemen, -pl.], serviceperson.

    Ex: Personal readers' guidance was provided to World War I servicemen.

    Ex: Soaked to the skin in the pelting rain of a tropical storm, they said that guarding the tomb was the highest honor that can be afforded to a serviceperson.
    * hijo de militares = military brat.
    * militares, los = military, the.

    militar2
    2 = military, martial.

    Ex: A plan is a drawing showing relative positions on a horizontal plane, e.g., relative positions of part of a building, a landscape design, a graphic presentation of a military o naval plan, etc.

    Ex: The article begins by illustrating the martial dimensions of the bodybuilder's body.
    * academia militar = military academy.
    * accesorios militares = militaria.
    * acción militar = military action.
    * actuación militar = military action.
    * aficionado a todo lo militar = military buff.
    * al estilo militar = military-style.
    * amante de lo militar = military buff.
    * amenaza militar = military threat.
    * armamento militar = military hardware.
    * arquitectura militar = military architecture.
    * base militar = military base.
    * brazo militar = military arm.
    * campaña militar = military campaign.
    * ciencia militar = military science.
    * comandante militar = military commander.
    * condecoración militar = Legion of Merit.
    * conflicto militar = military conflict.
    * cuartel militar = army barracks.
    * desfile militar = military parade, military tattoo.
    * despliegue militar = military deployment.
    * dictadura militar = military dictatorship.
    * estrategia militar = military strategy.
    * fuerza militar = military forces.
    * funeral militar = military funeral.
    * gasto militar = military expenditure.
    * historiador militar = military historian.
    * hospital militar = military hospital.
    * ingeniero militar = military engineer.
    * intervención militar = military intervention, military action.
    * jefe militar = army official, army officer.
    * junta militar = military junta, junta.
    * líder militar = military leader.
    * mando militar = military command.
    * medicina militar = military medicine.
    * mujer militar = servicewoman.
    * música militar = martial music.
    * observación militar = surveillance.
    * ofensiva militar = military offensive.
    * operación militar = military operation.
    * paseo militar = plain sailing, walkover.
    * pelado a lo militar = crewcut [crew-cut].
    * personal militar = military personnel.
    * poderío militar = military power.
    * policía militar = military police.
    * prisión militar = military prison.
    * propiedad militar = military property.
    * protección militar = military protection.
    * reclutamiento militar = military draft.
    * régimen militar = military regime.
    * representante militar = army official, army officer.
    * satélite militar = surveillance satellite.
    * secreto militar = military secret.
    * servicio militar = military service.
    * servicio militar obligatorio = compulsory military service, draft, the, military draft.
    * silo militar = missile silo.
    * soldado militar = military soldier.
    * tribunal militar = military tribunal.

    militar3 contra

    Ex: Local interpretations of the rules, and modifications to suit local circumstances, certainly militate against standard records.

    * * *
    military
    soldier, military man
    los militares the military
    Compuesto:
    career soldier
    militar3 [A1 ]
    vi
    to be politically active
    militar en un partido político to be an active member of a political party
    era de izquierda, pero nunca militó he was left-wing, but never politically active
    * * *

     

    militar 1 adjetivo
    military
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
    soldier, military man;

    militar 2 ( conjugate militar) verbo intransitivo
    to be politically active;
    militar en un partido político to be an active member of a political party
    militar
    I adjetivo military
    el presupuesto militar, the defense budget
    II sustantivo masculino soldier
    unos bandidos vestidos de militares..., some bandits dressed as soldiers...
    III vi Pol (ser miembro de) to be a member: milita en las juventudes pacifistas, she's a member of the young pacifists group

    ' militar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aviación
    - aviador
    - aviadora
    - cartilla
    - control
    - exenta
    - exento
    - intervención
    - juventud
    - milicia
    - oprimir
    - paisana
    - paisano
    - PM
    - rango
    - servicio
    - sublevarse
    - superior
    - zona
    - aeronáutica
    - apto
    - base
    - capote
    - centinela
    - charanga
    - civil
    - colonia
    - comando
    - cumplir
    - destinado
    - destinar
    - dispositivo
    - escuela
    - guardia
    - instrucción
    - patrullero
    - potencia
    - prestar
    - recluta
    - tribunal
    English:
    civilian
    - conscription
    - DSO
    - excuse
    - guardhouse
    - military
    - serviceman
    - soldier
    - staff college
    - stockade
    - tattoo
    - junta
    - service
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    military
    ♦ nmf
    soldier;
    el general es el segundo militar que asesina el grupo en lo que va de año the general is the second member of the military to be murdered by the group this year;
    los militares the military
    militar2 vi
    1. [en partido, sindicato] to be a member (en of);
    militó en la izquierda durante su juventud he was an active left-winger in his youth
    2. [apoyar]
    son muchas circunstancias las que militan a o [m5] en su favor there are many circumstances in his favour;
    en o [m5] a su defensa milita que es menor de edad in his defence is the fact that he is a minor
    * * *
    I adj military
    II m/f soldier;
    los militares pl the military
    III v/i POL
    :
    militar en be a member of
    * * *
    1) : to serve (in the military)
    2) : to be active (in politics)
    militar adj
    : military
    militar nmf
    soldado: soldier
    * * *
    militar1 adj military
    militar2 n soldier

    Spanish-English dictionary > militar

  • 18 Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira

    (1889-1970)
       The Coimbra University professor of finance and economics and one of the founders of the Estado Novo, who came to dominate Western Europe's longest surviving authoritarian system. Salazar was born on 28 April 1889, in Vimieiro, Beira Alta province, the son of a peasant estate manager and a shopkeeper. Most of his first 39 years were spent as a student, and later as a teacher in a secondary school and a professor at Coimbra University's law school. Nine formative years were spent at Viseu's Catholic Seminary (1900-09), preparing for the Catholic priesthood, but the serious, studious Salazar decided to enter Coimbra University instead in 1910, the year the Braganza monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the First Republic. Salazar received some of the highest marks of his generation of students and, in 1918, was awarded a doctoral degree in finance and economics. Pleading inexperience, Salazar rejected an invitation in August 1918 to become finance minister in the "New Republic" government of President Sidónio Pais.
       As a celebrated academic who was deeply involved in Coimbra University politics, publishing works on the troubled finances of the besieged First Republic, and a leader of Catholic organizations, Sala-zar was not as modest, reclusive, or unknown as later official propaganda led the public to believe. In 1921, as a Catholic deputy, he briefly served in the First Republic's turbulent congress (parliament) but resigned shortly after witnessing but one stormy session. Salazar taught at Coimbra University as of 1916, and continued teaching until April 1928. When the military overthrew the First Republic in May 1926, Salazar was offered the Ministry of Finance and held office for several days. The ascetic academic, however, resigned his post when he discovered the degree of disorder in Lisbon's government and when his demands for budget authority were rejected.
       As the military dictatorship failed to reform finances in the following years, Salazar was reinvited to become minister of finances in April 1928. Since his conditions for acceptance—authority over all budget expenditures, among other powers—were accepted, Salazar entered the government. Using the Ministry of Finance as a power base, following several years of successful financial reforms, Salazar was named interim minister of colonies (1930) and soon garnered sufficient prestige and authority to become head of the entire government. In July 1932, Salazar was named prime minister, the first civilian to hold that post since the 1926 military coup.
       Salazar gathered around him a team of largely academic experts in the cabinet during the period 1930-33. His government featured several key policies: Portuguese nationalism, colonialism (rebuilding an empire in shambles), Catholicism, and conservative fiscal management. Salazar's government came to be called the Estado Novo. It went through three basic phases during Salazar's long tenure in office, and Salazar's role underwent changes as well. In the early years (1928-44), Salazar and the Estado Novo enjoyed greater vigor and popularity than later. During the middle years (1944—58), the regime's popularity waned, methods of repression increased and hardened, and Salazar grew more dogmatic in his policies and ways. During the late years (1958-68), the regime experienced its most serious colonial problems, ruling circles—including Salazar—aged and increasingly failed, and opposition burgeoned and grew bolder.
       Salazar's plans for stabilizing the economy and strengthening social and financial programs were shaken with the impact of the civil war (1936-39) in neighboring Spain. Salazar strongly supported General Francisco Franco's Nationalist rebels, the eventual victors in the war. But, as the civil war ended and World War II began in September 1939, Salazar's domestic plans had to be adjusted. As Salazar came to monopolize Lisbon's power and authority—indeed to embody the Estado Novo itself—during crises that threatened the future of the regime, he assumed ever more key cabinet posts. At various times between 1936 and 1944, he took over the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of War (Defense), until the crises passed. At the end of the exhausting period of World War II, there were rumors that the former professor would resign from government and return to Coimbra University, but Salazar continued as the increasingly isolated, dominating "recluse of São Bento," that part of the parliament's buildings housing the prime minister's offices and residence.
       Salazar dominated the Estado Novo's government in several ways: in day-to-day governance, although this diminished as he delegated wider powers to others after 1944, and in long-range policy decisions, as well as in the spirit and image of the system. He also launched and dominated the single party, the União Nacional. A lifelong bachelor who had once stated that he could not leave for Lisbon because he had to care for his aged mother, Salazar never married, but lived with a beloved housekeeper from his Coimbra years and two adopted daughters. During his 36-year tenure as prime minister, Salazar engineered the important cabinet reshuffles that reflect the history of the Estado Novo and of Portugal.
       A number of times, in connection with significant events, Salazar decided on important cabinet officer changes: 11 April 1933 (the adoption of the Estado Novo's new 1933 Constitution); 18 January 1936 (the approach of civil war in Spain and the growing threat of international intervention in Iberian affairs during the unstable Second Spanish Republic of 1931-36); 4 September 1944 (the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy and the increasing likelihood of a defeat of the Fascists by the Allies, which included the Soviet Union); 14 August 1958 (increased domestic dissent and opposition following the May-June 1958 presidential elections in which oppositionist and former regime stalwart-loyalist General Humberto Delgado garnered at least 25 percent of the national vote, but lost to regime candidate, Admiral Américo Tomás); 13 April 1961 (following the shock of anticolonial African insurgency in Portugal's colony of Angola in January-February 1961, the oppositionist hijacking of a Portuguese ocean liner off South America by Henrique Galvão, and an abortive military coup that failed to oust Salazar from office); and 19 August 1968 (the aging of key leaders in the government, including the now gravely ill Salazar, and the defection of key younger followers).
       In response to the 1961 crisis in Africa and to threats to Portuguese India from the Indian government, Salazar assumed the post of minister of defense (April 1961-December 1962). The failing leader, whose true state of health was kept from the public for as long as possible, appointed a group of younger cabinet officers in the 1960s, but no likely successors were groomed to take his place. Two of the older generation, Teotónio Pereira, who was in bad health, and Marcello Caetano, who preferred to remain at the University of Lisbon or in private law practice, remained in the political wilderness.
       As the colonial wars in three African territories grew more costly, Salazar became more isolated from reality. On 3 August 1968, while resting at his summer residence, the Fortress of São João do Estoril outside Lisbon, a deck chair collapsed beneath Salazar and his head struck the hard floor. Some weeks later, as a result, Salazar was incapacitated by a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, was hospitalized, and became an invalid. While hesitating to fill the power vacuum that had unexpectedly appeared, President Tomás finally replaced Salazar as prime minister on 27 September 1968, with his former protégé and colleague, Marcello Caetano. Salazar was not informed that he no longer headed the government, but he never recovered his health. On 27 July 1970, Salazar died in Lisbon and was buried at Santa Comba Dão, Vimieiro, his village and place of birth.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira

  • 19 duovir

    dŭŏvir, vĭri, and usu. plur. dŭŏvĭri (less correctly dŭumvĭri, Zumpt, Gram. § 124; Krebs, Antibarb. p. 391; in MSS. and Inscr. usu. II. vir, II. viri;

    but, DVOVIRES,

    Inscr. Orell. 3808:

    DVOVIRI,

    ib. 3886, v. infra), ōrum, m. [du + vir], a Roman board or court consisting of two persons.
    I.
    Perduellionis, an extraordinary criminal court, the duumviri, anciently selected by the kings or the people for each case as it arose;

    so in the trial of Horatius,

    Liv. 1, 26;

    of M. Manlius,

    id. 6, 20;

    of C. Rabirius,

    Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 12; v. Mommsen, Hist. 1, 204.—
    II.
    Sacrorum, the keepers of the Sibylline books, Liv. 3, 10, 7; 5, 13, 6; cf. Dion. Hal. 4, 62 (afterwards decemviri and quindecimviri were elected for this purpose; cf. Liv. 22, 10, 9; Lact. 1, 6, 13); v. Mommsen, Hist. 1, 240.—
    III.
    Navales, an extraordinary board created for the purpose of equipping fleets, Liv. 9, 30, 4; id. 40, 18, 8; id. 41, 1, 2 sq.; v. Mommsen, Hist. 1, 531; 4, 136. —
    IV.
    Ad aedem faciendam (dedicandam, locandam), the duumviri for building or dedicating a temple, Liv. 7, 28, 5; id. 22, 33, 8.—In the sing.:

    duumvir,

    Liv. 2, 42, 5; id. 35, 41, 8; 40, 34, 5 sq.—
    V.
    The highest board of magistrates in the municipia and colonies, Cic. Agr. 2, 34, 93; Caes. B. C. 1, 23; id. ib. 1, 30; Inscr. Orell. 2540:

    QVINQVENNALES,

    ib. 3882 sq.:

    IVRI DICVNDO,

    ib. 3805 sq. —In the sing.:

    DVOVIR,

    ib. 3813 sq.; 4982; also ib. 3886 (Momms. 1956).—
    VI.
    VIIS EXTRA URBEM PURGANDIS, officers who had the charge of the streets of the suburbs of Rome, Tab. Heracl. 1, 50 ed. Göttling.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > duovir

  • 20 duoviri

    dŭŏvir, vĭri, and usu. plur. dŭŏvĭri (less correctly dŭumvĭri, Zumpt, Gram. § 124; Krebs, Antibarb. p. 391; in MSS. and Inscr. usu. II. vir, II. viri;

    but, DVOVIRES,

    Inscr. Orell. 3808:

    DVOVIRI,

    ib. 3886, v. infra), ōrum, m. [du + vir], a Roman board or court consisting of two persons.
    I.
    Perduellionis, an extraordinary criminal court, the duumviri, anciently selected by the kings or the people for each case as it arose;

    so in the trial of Horatius,

    Liv. 1, 26;

    of M. Manlius,

    id. 6, 20;

    of C. Rabirius,

    Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 12; v. Mommsen, Hist. 1, 204.—
    II.
    Sacrorum, the keepers of the Sibylline books, Liv. 3, 10, 7; 5, 13, 6; cf. Dion. Hal. 4, 62 (afterwards decemviri and quindecimviri were elected for this purpose; cf. Liv. 22, 10, 9; Lact. 1, 6, 13); v. Mommsen, Hist. 1, 240.—
    III.
    Navales, an extraordinary board created for the purpose of equipping fleets, Liv. 9, 30, 4; id. 40, 18, 8; id. 41, 1, 2 sq.; v. Mommsen, Hist. 1, 531; 4, 136. —
    IV.
    Ad aedem faciendam (dedicandam, locandam), the duumviri for building or dedicating a temple, Liv. 7, 28, 5; id. 22, 33, 8.—In the sing.:

    duumvir,

    Liv. 2, 42, 5; id. 35, 41, 8; 40, 34, 5 sq.—
    V.
    The highest board of magistrates in the municipia and colonies, Cic. Agr. 2, 34, 93; Caes. B. C. 1, 23; id. ib. 1, 30; Inscr. Orell. 2540:

    QVINQVENNALES,

    ib. 3882 sq.:

    IVRI DICVNDO,

    ib. 3805 sq. —In the sing.:

    DVOVIR,

    ib. 3813 sq.; 4982; also ib. 3886 (Momms. 1956).—
    VI.
    VIIS EXTRA URBEM PURGANDIS, officers who had the charge of the streets of the suburbs of Rome, Tab. Heracl. 1, 50 ed. Göttling.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > duoviri

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